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**SLP Audiology > Basic Acoustics and Psychoacoustics > Flashcards

Basic Acoustics and Psychoacoustics Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the study of the physics of sound

A

acoustics

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2
Q

_______ is the study of the experience of sound

A

psychoacoustics

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3
Q

Describe vibration:

A

Molecules are pushed together (condensation) and pulled apart (rarefaction).

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4
Q

Describe how sound waves occur:

A

Molecules are pushed together and pulled apart this movement is passed to adjacent molecules. This succession of movement forms waves.

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5
Q

What two properties can characterize sound:

A

Frequency

Intensity

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6
Q

T or F: Frequency is a physical measure while pitch is the psychoacoustic correlate

A

True

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7
Q

Define Frequency:

A

The number of complete oscillations of a vibrating body per one second. Measured in Hz

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8
Q

T or F: Pitch is the same with or without human perception.

A

False - Frequency is the same but pitch requires perception

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9
Q

__________Hz is the human frequency range.

A

20-20000 Hz

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10
Q

What animal has the frequency range closest to humans?

A

Chinchilla

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11
Q

_________ frequency is the lowest frequency in a complex sound

A

fundemental frequency

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12
Q

________ are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency.

A

harmonics

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13
Q

Complex sounds consist of __________

A

2 or more tones of different frequencies occuring at the same time

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14
Q

_______= power / area

A

Intensity

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15
Q

_______ is measured in W/msquared and is the amount of sound per unit of area

A

Intensity

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16
Q

Intensity is a _______ measure while _______ is the psychoacoustic measure

A

physical

loudness

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17
Q

What unit is loudness measured in?

A

phon (a subjective measure) - often how we perceive loudness depends on our experiences

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18
Q

Intensity is the same with or without human perception and is measured in _____

A

decibels

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19
Q

The range of the auditory system is ______ dB

A

0 - 140dB

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20
Q

Decibels are expressed as a ratio of a measured sound pressure to a _______

A

reference point

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21
Q

SPL stands for _______

A

Sound Pressure Level

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22
Q

What is the reference level for dB SPL?

A

0.0002 dynes/cm squared

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23
Q

HL stands for ______

A

Hearing level

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24
Q

What is hearing level and how was it calculated?

A

HL is the average hearing performance. A large group of uni students determined the softest level of sound they could detect. This sound was 0 dB HL

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25
Q

What is the reference for dB HL?

A

Lowest SPL the average adult can detect

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26
Q

To convert from dB HL to dB SPL you _____ the conversion

A

add

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27
Q

To convert from dB SPL to DB HL you _____ the conversion

A

subtract

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28
Q

What does SL stand for?

A

Sensation Level

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29
Q

What is the reference for dB SL?

A

The auditory threshold of a specific individual.

30
Q

________ is the number of dB of a sound above the level where the person can just barely hear.

A

dB SL

31
Q

T or F: Normal conversation occurs at 40 to 45 dB SPL

A

False - Normal converstion occurs at 40 to 45 dB HL or 60 to 65 dB SPL

32
Q

The tuning for test, tests____________

A

tests air and bone conduction

33
Q

The tuning fork can quantify ______ but not ______

A

frequency but not intensity

34
Q

List three disadvantages of the tuning fork:

A

1) Cannot control the test ear
2) Many people won’t hear it
3) Cannot control intensity

35
Q

Review textbook on 4 types of tuning fork tests. . .

A

I know :(

36
Q

What are 5 possible purposes of a hearing screening:

A

1) identify people with potential hearing problems
2) identify people in need of referral
3) collect data
4) provide education opportunity
5) Promote good hearing health

37
Q

List three thing Hearing screening don’t do:

A

1) Identify type of hearing loss
2) Identify degree of hearing loss
3) Provide accurate individual ear information

38
Q

T or F: At a hearing screening we should screen the hearing of someone who uses a hearing aid

A

False - hearing screening only identify if there is hearing loss, someone using a hearing aid already knows they have hearing loss.

39
Q

__________ is perhaps more important than the hearing screening itself

A

Ensuring follow up services

40
Q

A false positive hit rate is when the screening indicates ______________________

A

a potential problem and there isn’t one

41
Q

A false negative hit rate is when the screening indicates _____________________

A

no potential problem and the person has hearing loss

42
Q

Too many false positives ___________ while too many false negatives _____________.

A

fatigue the referral system

make the program useless

43
Q

Ideally we want a screening protocol that has a _____ hit rate.

A

high

44
Q

T or F: After a hearing screening you should say that their hearing is normal.

A

false - never say hearing is normal based on a screening tell them to get it checked if they are concerned.

45
Q

What terms do we use instead of pass or fail in a hearing screening?

A

Pass or refer

46
Q

List the two phases of a pure tone hearing screeing:

A

Training Phase and Test Phase

47
Q

What is the point of the training phase?

A

To make sure the person understands the instructions

48
Q

At what frequency and intensity is the training phase done at?

A

1000Hz

60 dB HL

49
Q

Describe the test phase:

A
  • Limited # of freq. selected
  • Specific intensity level identified
  • ears are screened separately
  • 3 presentation of each frequency
50
Q

What frequencies and intensity is the test phase done at?

A

1000, 2000, 4000 Hz

25 DB HL (occasionally 40 dB HL for Geriatric and 20 dB HL for paediatric)

51
Q

If the person responds to 2/3 of each freq. screened the person passes if they don’t respond to 2/3 of each frequency they are _______

A

referred

52
Q

Why don’t we test 250 and 500HZ in a hearing screening?

A

Hearing screenings take place in an uncontrolled test situation and these frequencies are hard to hear in that environment.

53
Q

Why don’t we screen higher frequencies (6000, 8000 etc.)?

A

They are more difficult to keep in calibration

They are lost more easily with inaccurate headphone placement.

54
Q

Why might someone not respond during a hearing screening? (lots of reasons)

A
  • machine not turned on / no sound being produced
  • client didn’t understand or forgot the instruction
  • client is faking
  • client is non-compliant
  • headphones aren’t positioned correctly
  • too much background noise
  • client distracted
  • OR Client didn’t hear
55
Q

Why might someone respond during a hearing screening?

A
  • Randomly responding
  • Watching non-verbals or button pushing of tester
  • Long periods of silence makes them nervous/ think they heard a sound
  • OR Client heard the sound
56
Q

In a false positive response pattern . . .

A

The client indicates they heard a tone when they didn’t

57
Q

In a false negative response pattern. . .

A

The client doesn’t indicate they heard a tone but they did

58
Q

When conducting a hearing screening it is important to become familiar with the equipment. The attenuator dial could also be called the ______ dial.

A

dB

59
Q

What are important considerations when determining the chair placement during a screening?

A
  • make sure they can’t see you pushing the button or read the facial cues
  • face away from distractions, in a quiet place
60
Q

When placing the headphones during a hearing screening make sure to _________, _________, _______ and orient with the red on the ________ .

A

approach from the front
remove obstructions
tighten after the headphone is in place
right ear of the client

61
Q

During a hearing screening instructions should be _____, _______ and _______. Make sure to check back with the client and allow time for _______.

A

short, simple and clear

questions

62
Q

T or F: Getting a case history is just as important as the actual hearing test if not more so.

A

True

63
Q

_________ provide enormous amounts of information in a minimal amount of time and can be compared with test results for consistency.

A

case histories

64
Q

What are two main things a case history provides?

A

1) Information about the client (What they say, don’t say, how they act, how they answer)
2) Chance to establish a Rapport (gain trust, gauge support system)

65
Q

What are two formats for obtaining a case history?

A

1) Interview (done by audiologist or support staff)

2) Form (client fills it out)

66
Q

The type of appointment influences the type of information needed. In a diagnostic appointment ________ info is more important but in a rehabilitative appointment ________ info is more useful

A

medical

situational (communication, family perspective)

67
Q

Who should you interview?

A
  • the client (even children)

- Parents, caregiver, significant other

68
Q

Describe a casual or informal interview style:

A

Rarely ask direct or specific questions, take few notes during the interview, notes are made later

69
Q

Describe an authoritarian or formal interview style:

A

Ask simple, direct, highly specific questions. Write as you go.

70
Q

Basic components of an interview should include:

A 
hearing info, health, screening results
noise exposure
listening issues, situations
amplification history
For children: developmental info, language milestones, caregivers and family history

**SLP Audiology (6 decks)

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