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**SLP Audiology > The Inner Ear > Flashcards

The Inner Ear Flashcards

1
Q

The inner ear is located in the ________ part of the temporal bone

A

petrous

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2
Q

List the three parts of the bony labyrinth:

A
  • cochlea
  • utricle and saccule
  • semi-circular canal
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3
Q

The fluid in the bony labyrinth is _____. It is low in ____ and high in _____.

A

Perilymph

K+ and high in Na+

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4
Q

________ is produced in the blood plasma.

A

perilymph

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5
Q

The cochlea has _____turns.

A

2 1/2

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6
Q

The cochlea is ___cm wed and __ mm long

A

1 cm wide and 5 mm long

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7
Q

The ________ labyrinth is full of endolymph which is high in ____ and low in ____

A

Membranous
K+
Na+

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8
Q

________ membrane allows nutrients from the perilymph to get to the endolymph

A

reissner’s

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9
Q

________ is the area between the wall of the cochlea and Reissner’s Membrane

A

Scala Vestibuli

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10
Q

The Scala Media is broad at the _____ and narrow at the ______.

A

Base

Apex

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11
Q

True or False: The Basilar membrane is narrow at the base and broad at the apex

A

True

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12
Q

The Scala Tympani begins at the ________window

A

round

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13
Q

The organ of Corti is located along the _______. Above it is the _______

A

basilar membrane

tectorial membrane

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14
Q

There are a total of ______ to ________ hair cells.

A

12000 to 15000

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15
Q

3/4 of hair cells are _____. 1/4 are ______.

A

OHCs

IHCs

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16
Q

T or F: 90-95% of IHCs have efferent neurons

A

False - OHCs

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17
Q

T or F: 90-95% of IHCs have afferent neurons

A

True

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18
Q

The _________ enables stimulation of IHCs at low intensity sounds. This is done through the OHCs pulling the basilar and tectorial membrane together.

A

Cochlear amplifier

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19
Q

Describe the Cochlear Amplifier

A

For low intensity sounds the movement of the basilar membrane isn’t enough for IHCs to contact the tectorial membrane. Therefore OHCs pull the tectorial and basilar membrane closer together to enable stimulation of IHCs.

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20
Q

Describe the propogation of sound:

A

1) Stapes movement causes wave like movement of perilymph
2) Disturbance of movement in the scala vestibuli moves Reissner’s membrane
3) Reissner’s membrane disturbs endolymph in the cochlear duct
4) The endolymph moves the basilar membrane.

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21
Q

Basilar membrane movement in response to pressure variations in the cochlea is called the ________

A

travelling waves

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22
Q

Tonaticity of the Basilar membrane is the idea that: Higher freq. sounds are transduced by hair cells near the _____. Low freq. sounds are transduced by hair cells in

A

base

apex (inner most turn of the cochlea)

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23
Q

T or F: The apex of the basilar membrane is wide

A

True

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24
Q

T or F: Up and down movement of the tectorial membrane bends the stereocilia of IHCs

A

False- Up and down movement of the basilar membrane

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25
Q

Describe how mechanical energy is transduced into electrical energy that can be used by the auditory nerve:

A

Movement of stapes moves perilymph which moves endolymph which moves the basilar membrane bending the stereocillia of the IHCs. The bending of the stereocillia changes the flow of K+ changing the intracellular potential and creating the cochlear microphonic.

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26
Q

The __________ is the alternating electrical current that occurs due to the depolarization and hyperpolarization of the stereocillia of the hair cells. It enables sound to be converted to electrical energy so it can be used by the auditory nerve.

A

Cochlear Microphonic (CM)

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27
Q

The synapse between the IHCs and auditory nerve are the last stage of biochemical to neural transduction. The change in polarization changes the electrical potential on each neuron. This change in electrical potential is the _________

A

Action Potential

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28
Q

T or F:

Damage occurs to OHCs prior to IHCs

A

True

29
Q

List 2 possible reasons why OHCs are damaged before IHCs

A

1) The location of the OHCS

2) The constant shearing by the tectorial membrane above the hair cells

30
Q

Which of the following is not a congenital (present from birth) inner ear problem:

  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Cochlear Dysplasias
  • Ototoxic drugs
  • Syphilis
A
  • ototoxic drugs
31
Q

List the congenital (present from birth) causes of inner ear problems:

A 
Rubella (German measles cross placental barrier)
Syphilis ( if born vaginally)
Toxoplasmosis
Cytomegalovirus (herpes family)
Cochlear Dysplasia
32
Q

List reasons for acquired inner ear problems:

A 
Noise damage
Disease
Sudden ideopathy
Ototoxic drugs 
Skull fractures
Presbycusis
Radiation treatment
33
Q

T or F: Most auditory info processed by each side of the brain comes from the contralateral side.

A

True

34
Q

T or F: The complex efferent system connecting the auditory cortex with the lower brain and cochlea modulates the OHCs

A

True

35
Q

Describe the Afferent Auditory Pathway

A 
Cochlea
8th nerve
- cochlea nuclei
- superior olive
- lateral lemniscus
- Inferior Colliculi
-Medial Geniculate nucleus
Brain - auditory cortex
36
Q

T or F: 2/3 of nerve fibers go to a contralateral side from the cochlear nuclei (dorsal and ventral)

A

True

37
Q

What 2 things does the superior olive do:

A

Localization and the acoustic reflex

38
Q

The lateral lemniscus is a track of axons between the _____ and _______

A

superior olive (medulla) and inferior colliculi (midbrain)

39
Q

Where does the inferior colliculi receive input from? ( 3 places)

A
  • Afferent ipsilateral
  • Afferent contralateral
  • Information from the cortex
40
Q

What 4 thingsis the inferior colliculi responsible for?

A

Temporal patterns
auditory space
Pitch
Loudness

41
Q

The ___________ located in the thalamus is a distribution centre for sensory information and is responsible for _______

A

Medial geniculate body

auditory attention

42
Q

T or F: The auditory pathway is just a transmission system

A

False - processing occurs along the way

43
Q

T or F: cross over occurs below the cochlear nucleus and at the medial geniculate bodies

A

False - cross over occurs above the cochlear nucleus and below the medial geniculate bodies

44
Q

T or F: Tonotopic organization is maintained throughout the auditory pathway

A

True

45
Q

The Primary Auditory Cortex is _______

A

Heschl’s Gyrus of the temporal lobe

46
Q

What 4 things is the Primary Auditory Cortex responsible for:

A

1) Discrimination, HZ and Temporal aspects
2) Association of sounds with past experience
3) input from other senses
4) Memory of sounds, simultaneous sounds

47
Q

What is the secondary auditory cortex responsible for?

A

Harmonic, melodic and rhythmic patterns

48
Q

T or F: The frontal and parietal lobe do some processing of sound

A

True

49
Q

List 8 possible disruptions of the Cochlear nuclei or higher:

A 
Acoustic neuroma
Auditory neuropathy
Disease
Toxicity
Trauma
Anoxia
Stroke, vascular issues
Degenerative Disease
50
Q

Humans have 23 pairs of Chromosomes: ____ pairs of autosomal and ___ pair of sex linked

A

22 pairs of autosomal

1 pair of sex linked

51
Q

___ genes are located on chromosomes

A

30,000

52
Q

If one parent is a carrier of an autosomal dominant hearing loss the probability of the child having hearing loss is ____%

A

50%

53
Q

If both parens carry the same recessive gene for hearing loss the probability that the child will have hearing loss is ______%

A

25 to 50%

54
Q

A gene is sex linked if the mother carries the recessive gene on the ________. This primarily affects ____

A

x chromosome

Males

55
Q

____% of hearing loss is genetic

A

50%

56
Q

Of the 50% of hearing loss that is genetic: _____% is non-syndromic and _____% is syndromic

A

70% is non-syndromic

30% is syndromic

57
Q

___% of genetic hearing loss is recessive

A

70%

58
Q

___% of genetic hearing loss is dominant

A

15%

59
Q

___% of genetic hearing loss is another type (ex. Sex linked)

A

15%

60
Q

In _________ hearing loss, hearing loss is only one symptom of several associated with the genetic syndrom. (30%)

A

Syndromic

61
Q

There are more than ______ genetic syndromes associated with hearing loss

A

400

62
Q

In ____________ hearing loss, hearing loss is the only symptom of the genetic disorder. (70%)

A

Non-syndromic hearing loss

63
Q

T or F: Syndromic hearing loss is more common than non-syndromic hearing loss

A

false- non-syndromic hearing loss is more common

64
Q

List 3 syndromes with hearing loss:

A

Usher’s
Treacher Collins
Klippel-Feil Syndrome

65
Q

Describe Usher’s syndrome:

A

The most common condition affects both hearing and vision.

66
Q

Describe Treacher Collins syndrome:

A

Mandibulofacial dyostosis. Malformed pinna, hearing loss, micrognathia, cleft palate, eye defects, underdeveloped facial bones.

67
Q

Describe Klippel-Feil Syndrome:

A

The Fusion of the vertebra. Many associated anomolies of ears, mouth, throat, larynx, face, head and organs. 30% of people with this syndrome are deaf (usually sensorineural)

68
Q

List some ethical issues with genetics:

A

Gene mapping and localization may lead to therapeutic and preventative intervention.
- abortion, can help prepare …

**SLP Audiology (6 decks)

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