The Origin of Adolescence

Question 1

What is the age range for “adolescence”

Answer 1

10-19 (lasts until 18-21)

Question 2

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 2

First to coin term “adolescence” formally defined developmental phase between childhood and adulthood

Question 3

G. Stanley Hall found that children became ________ on their parents for longer periods of time

Due to the cultural changes in our world, i.e. schooling, ethical changes

Answer 3

more dependent

Question 4

Stanley Hall described the emotional life of teens like…

Answer 4

A pendulum given to extreme swings of behaviour

• Lots of energy and entusiasm could just as easily be exchanged with indifference and boredom
• Laughter could degenerate to sadness at the drop of a hat

Question 5

One big criticism of Stanley Hall—

Answer 5

Studied all males

Question 6

Stanley hall felt that adolescents were often blank leading to a time of blank

Answer 6

Contradictory, storm and stress

Question 7

Margaret Mead argued that

American Anthropologist that studied cultural and biological factors that shaped adolescent girls in samoa

Answer 7

Cultural factors, rather than biological ones, caused the motional and psychological stress of adolsence

Question 8

Elkinds theory of adolescent egocentrisim considers that:

Answer 8

1. Adolescents’ characteristic self-absorption
2. Focused more on own feelings/experiience than others, despite perspective taking skills
3. Wrongly believe they are the focus of others’ thinking

Question 9

Elkinds Imaginary Audience

Answer 9

• Adolescents tendency to feel peers are constatnly watching their performance, much like actors are watched

Question 10

Elkind’s Personal Fable

Answer 10

• Adolescents thinking their experiences and feelings are unique

Question 11

Elkind’s Invincibility Fable

Answer 11

• believing that misfortune only happens to others
• Risk taking
• Not they don’ tunderstand what might happen, but that they think it won’t happen to them

Question 12

Overall key feature of adolescence—

Answer 12

Immaturity in the thinking process

Question 13

According to Elkind’s theory, argumentative nature is—

Answer 13

due to underdeveloped formal reasoning abilities

Question 14

Elkind’s theory states that adolsence is a period of extreme blank because of exaggerated blank

Answer 14

Indecisiveness because exaggerated self-consciousness

likely to explore many avenues before making a decision

Question 15

The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as

Answer 15

socialization

The process whereby children are shaped into responsible members society

i.e. Human infants are born without any culture
Transformed by socializing influences into cultural and socially adept animals
* Parents
* Teachers
* The media

Question 16

What does socialization do for the individual?

Answer 16

• Acquiring norms and values of culture
• Role accquisition
• Learning to control impulses
• Developing self concept (identity

Developing self concept (identity)—
*For instance, gender identity is ones concept of maleness or femaleness
* Important because it is organizing principle in ones self image and construction of the world

Question 17

In adolesence, what factors contribute more than ever to people’s understanding of the world

Answer 17

Peer groups and media

Question 18

Ethnic Identity

Basic notion an individual has of him/herself as a member of an ethnic group

Answer 18

Confronting prejudice or discrimination from dominant cultures can lead to difficulty in achieving stable and healthy personal identities

Question 19

What did allison davis outline?

Answer 19

The socialization process includes a phenomena known as socialization anxiety

• Tension and discomfort felt by individuals
• Motivates and influences behaviour
• Successful socialization can be related to amount of imposed or learned anxiety
• The right amount of anxiety is need to push an individual toward maturity

Question 20

Robert Gravenhurst

Answer 20

Developmental tasks are important skills, knowledge, functions, and attitudes specific to each stage of life. These tasks must be met to move to the next stage.

Adolescents must
* Accept one’s physique
* Develop healthy realtions with peers (both sexes)
* Establish emotional independence
* Work toward economic independence
* Select and prepare for career
* Achieve socially acceptable behaviour
* Select a mate and prep for marriage and family

Question 21

Life cycle is an example of a ________ view of social change

Answer 21

micro-sociological view of social change

Describes how changes in beliefs, attitudes, values, and roles of the individual lead to changes in the larger social setting.

Question 22

When developmental tasks are not completed, this can lead to

Answer 22

Maladjustment—anxiety and social disapproval

In adolescents this can be devastating
* can lead to mental ilness or suicide

Question 24

Cognitive Development

Answer 24

The mental activities associated with knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 25

Jean Piaget

Answer 25

* To make sense of the world children and adolescents create mental ideas (schemas) into which we pour our life's experiences * Children move through four different stages of cognitive development

Question 26

The sensorimotor stage | 0-2 y/o

Answer 26

Coordination of sneses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands and cataloguing. Object permanence is developed. | object permanence—objects continue to exist even when out of sight

Question 27

Preoperational Stage | 2-7 y/o

Answer 27

Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult. Conservation is developed. | conservation—

Question 28

Concrete Operational Stage | 7-11 y/o

Answer 28

Concepts attatched to concrete situations. TIme, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts.

Question 29

Formal Operational | 11 years old and older

Answer 29

Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking. Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning become possible. Concepts learned in one context can be applied to another.

Question 30

Adolescence marks a turning point in development because it

Answer 30

Begins to develop personal views Seperates from influence of family and parents Able to differentiate between past and present, and to reason abstractly Able to think beyond concrete and present realtiy

Question 31

# According to Erikson What if you dont succesfully develop a personal identity?

Answer 31

* Self doubt and anxiety * Role confusion * Susceptible to self-destructive behaviours w/o a clear objective or goal * May partake in dangerous social activities * In extreme cases these activities may take over the person, preoccupation with what others think, may withdraw from social activity, experience dinminished self-interest * Rare—role confusion may lead to delinquent and psychotic behaviour or suicide

Question 32

What did Lawrence Kohlberg establish?

Answer 32

Stages of Moral Development ## Footnote Deve;p[ed a theory by interviwing children, presenting them with a story in which the main character was faced with a moral dilemma, followed with a series of questions. Was able to define a series of stages or moral developments 3 levels

Question 33

# Lawrence Kohlberg Internalization

Answer 33

When behaviour goes from being controlled externally to being controlled by the individual

Question 34

# Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Step 1

Answer 34

**Obidence/Punishment** No difference between doing the right thing and avoiding punishment | Infancy

Question 35

# Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Step 1;2

Answer 35

**Self interest. **Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishment — effort is made to secure greatest benefit for oneself | Pre-School

Question 36

# Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Step 2

Answer 36

**Conformity & Interpersonal Accord **The "good boy/girl" level. Effort is made to secure approval and maintain friendly relations with others. | School-age

Question 37

# Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Step 2;2

Answer 37

**Authority and Social Order **Oreintation toward fixed rules. The purpose of morality is maintaining the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society. | School-Age

Question 38

# Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Step 3

Answer 38

**Social Contract **Mutual benefit, reciprocity. Morally right and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone. | Teens

Question 39

# Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Principles Step 3;2

Answer 39

**Universal Principles** Morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefit | Adulthood

Question 40

Prosocial Behaviour

Answer 40

Positive, constructive and helpful behaviour ## Footnote Occurs when an individuals social and personal commitment to help others is at the forefront

Question 41

Zimbardo's heroic imagination:

Answer 41

Gandhi, Mother teresa; positive change; refuse to give in to negative social power

Question 42

Hostile imagination:

Answer 42

Unleash worst behaviour on others, infect society

Question 43

# Moral Disengagement Moral Justification

Answer 43

Detrimental behavioir is potrayed as personally and socially acceptable, serving worthy purposes | reprehensible behaviour

Question 44

# Moral disengagement Euphemistic Labeling

Answer 44

Distorted language is used to present reprehensible behaviour as respectable | reprehensible behaviour

Question 45

# Moral disengagement Advantageous Comparison

Answer 45

Actions are compared to each other, so that they show the advantage or negligible consequenses. | reprehensible behaviour

Question 46

# Moral disengagement Displacement of responsibility

Answer 46

Action is presented as stemming from authorities' dictates. (You told me what to do, its your problem) | Agent's Responisibility

Question 47

# Moral disengagement Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 47

Reprehensible actions are attributed to group decisions, excluding personal responsibility | Agent's Responsibility

Question 48

# Moral Disengagement Disregard for or distortion of consequences

Answer 48

Evidence about hurting or harmful consequences is denied or minimized | Detrimental Effects

Question 49

# Moral Disengagement Dehuminzation

Answer 49

The victims are portrayed as sub-human objects, mindless savages, deprived of human qualities. | Detrimental effects

Question 50

# Moral Disengagement Attribution of blame

Answer 50

The adversary or the circumstances are to blame for the actions. Punitive conduct is a response to provocation | Victim

Question 51

# Merton's Deviance Typology Conformity

Answer 51

Accept cultural goals and Institutional