The opposition to Civil Rights Flashcards
What was the role of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in opposing African American Civil Rights?
The KKK, founded in 1865, used violence, intimidation, and terror to suppress African American rights, particularly during Reconstruction and the Civil Rights Movement.
How did White Citizens’ Councils oppose Civil Rights?
These councils, formed in the 1950s, used economic pressure, propaganda, and political influence to oppose desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement.
What were Jim Crow laws, and how did they oppose African American Civil Rights?
These laws enforced racial segregation in the South from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, denying African Americans equality in public and private spaces.
How did Southern Democrats oppose African American Civil Rights?
Southern Democrats, often called “Dixiecrats,” used filibusters and political influence to block Civil Rights legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
What was the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ruling, and how did it oppose Civil Rights?
The Supreme Court upheld the doctrine of “separate but equal,” legitimising segregation and delaying Civil Rights progress until it was overturned in Brown v. Board of Education.
How did poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses oppose African American voting rights?
These measures were designed to disenfranchise African Americans, preventing them from voting despite the 15th Amendment.
What role did lynching play in opposing African American Civil Rights?
Lynching was used to terrorise African Americans and reinforce white supremacy, with thousands of victims between the 1880s and 1960s.
How did President Andrew Johnson oppose African American Civil Rights during Reconstruction?
Johnson vetoed key legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and opposed the 14th Amendment, undermining protections for African Americans.
What were Black Codes, and how did they oppose African American Civil Rights?
Black Codes were laws passed in Southern states after the Civil War to restrict African American freedoms and maintain a labor force similar to slavery.
How did the Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) oppose African American rights?
The ruling weakened the federal government’s ability to protect African Americans from violence, undermining the Enforcement Acts.
What was the significance of the Mississippi Plan (1875) in opposing African American Civil Rights?
This plan used violence, intimidation, and electoral fraud to suppress African American voting and maintain white Democratic control in the South.
How did the Red Summer of 1919 demonstrate opposition to African American Civil Rights?
The Red Summer saw widespread racial violence and riots targeting African American communities across the U.S., often sparked by white resentment of black progress.
How did the Southern Manifesto (1956) oppose African American Civil Rights?
Signed by over 100 Congress members, it condemned the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education and pledged to resist desegregation.
How did state governments oppose African American Civil Rights during Reconstruction?
Southern states passed laws to nullify federal Reconstruction efforts, including Black Codes and legislation targeting African American voters.
How did the “Massive Resistance” campaign oppose Civil Rights?
Southern states used legal challenges, school closures, and other measures to resist desegregation following Brown v. Board of Education.
