The Nursing Process (part 3) Flashcards
The nurse is most likely to collect timely, specific information by asking which of the following questions?
A. “Would you describe what you are feeling?”
B. “How are you today?”
C. “What would you like to talk about?”
D. “Where does it hurt?”
A. “Would you describe what you are feeling?”
Rationale: This is an open-ended question that will elicit subjective data. The data collected will reflect the client’s current health status and human response(s) and should generate specific information that can be used to identify actual and/or potential health problems. Options 2 and 3 are more likely to elicit general, nonspecific information. Option 4 may result in a brief, one-word response or nonverbal gesture indicating the site of the client’s pain. A better approach to collect specific information might be, “Describe any pain you are having.”
The nurse should avoid asking the client which of the following leading questions during a client interview?
A. “What medication do you take at home?”
B. “You are really excited about the plastic surgery, aren’t you?”
C. “Were you aware I’ve has this same type of surgery?”
D. “What would you like to talk about?”
B. “You are really excited about the plastic surgery, aren’t you?”
Rationale: A leading question directs the client’s answer. The phrasing of the question indicates an expected answer. The client may be influenced by the nurse’s expectations and may give inaccurate responses. This process can result in an error in diagnostic reasoning.
The nurse needs to validate which of the following statements pertaining to an assigned client?
A. The client has a hard, raised, red lesion on his right hand.
B. A weight of 185 lbs. is recorded in the chart
C. The client reported an infected toe
D. The client’s blood pressure is 124/70. It was 118/68 yesterday.
C. The client reported an infected tow
Rationale: Validation is the process of confirming that data are actual and factual. Data that can be measured can be accepted as factual, as in options 1, 3 and 4. The nurse should assess the client’s toe to validate the statement.
Which of the following items of subjective client data would be documented in the medical record by the nurse?
A. Client’s face is pale
B. Cervical lymph nodes are palpable
C. Nursing assistant reports client refused lunch
D. Client feel nauseated
D. Client feel nauseated
Rationale: Subjective data includes the client’s sensations, feelings, and perception of health status. Subjective data can only be verified by the affected person. Options 1, 2, and 3 represent objective data that can be detected by the nurse or measured against an accepted norm.
A nurse explains to a student that the nursing process is a dynamic process. Which of the following actions by the nurse best demonstrates this concept during the work shift?
A. Nurse and client agree upon health care goals for the client
B. Nurse reviews the client’s history on the medical record
C. Nurse explains to the client the purpose of each administered medication
D. Nurse rapidly reset priorities for client care based on a change in the client’s condition
D. Nurse rapidly reset priorities for client care based on a change in the client’s condition
Rationale: The nursing process is characterized by unique properties that enable it to respond to the changing health status of the client. Options 1, 2, and 3 are appropriate nursing care measures, but do not demonstrate the dynamic nature of the nursing process.
The client reports nausea and constipation. Which of the following would be the priority nursing action?
A. Collect a stool sample
B. Complete an abnormal assessment
C. Administer an anti-nausea medication
D. Notify the physician
B. Complete an Abdominal assessment
Rationale: Assessment involves the systematic collection of data about an individual upon which all subsequent phases of the nursing process are built. In response to a client’s complaint, a nurse assesses a specific body system to obtain data that will help the nurse make a nursing diagnosis and plan the client’s care. The other options reflect interventions, which are not timely unless there is first a complete assessment.
The nurse suspects that a client is withholding health-related information out of fear of discovery and possible legal problems. The nurse formulates nursing diagnoses for the client carefully, being concerned about a diagnostic error resulting from which of the following?
A. Incomplete data
B. Generalize from experience
C. Identifying with the client
D. Lack of clinical experience
A. Incomplete data
Rationale: To collect data accurately, the client must actively participate. Incomplete data can lead to inappropriate nursing diagnosis and planning. The other options are not relevant to the question as presented.
The nurse notes that the client often sighs and says in a monotone voice, “I’m never going to get over this.” When encouraged to participate in care, the client says, “I don’t have the energy.” The nurse believes these cues are suggestive of which nursing diagnoses? Select all that apply.
A. Hopelessness
B. Powerlessness
C. Interrupted sleep pattern
D. Disturbed self esteem
E. Self care deficit
A. Hopelessness
B. Powerlessness
Rationale: Rationale: A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about a response to an actual or potential health problem. This client is manifesting symptoms of both hopelessness and powerlessness. Although the client does report symptoms compatible with fatigue, there is no direct data is given that indicates the client has interrupted sleep patterns (option 3), disturbed self esteem (option 4), or self care deficit (option 5).
Which of the following descriptors is most appropriate to use when stating the “problem” part of a nursing diagnosis?
A. Grimacing
B. Anxiety
C. Oxygenation saturation 93%
D. Output 500 mL in 8 hours
B. Anxiety
Rationale: The problem part of a nursing diagnosis should state the client’s response to a life process, event, or stressor. These are categorized as nursing diagnoses. The incorrect options are cues the nurse would use to formulate the nursing diagnostic statement.
Which desired outcome written by the nurse is correctly written and measurable?
A. Client will have a normal bowel pattern by April 2
B. The client will lose 4 lbs. within next 2 weeks
C. The nurse will provide skin care at least 3 times each day
D. The client will breathe better after resting for 10 minutes
B. The client will lose 4 lbs. within next 2 weeks
Rationale: An outcome statement must describe the observable client behavior that should occur in response to the nursing interventions. It consists of a subject, action verb, conditions under which the behavior is to be performed, and the level at which the client will perform the desired behavior. Each of the incorrect options lacks one of these required elements. Option 1 is not measurable. Option 3 is a nursing goal rather than a client goal. Option 4 does not include the level at which the behavior should be performed.
The rehabilitation nurse wishes to make the following entry into a client’s plan of care: “Client will reestablish a pattern of daily bowel movements without straining within two months.” The nurse would write this statement under which section of the plan of care?
A. Nursing diagnosis/problem list
B. Nursing orders
C. Short-term goals
D. Long-term goals
D. Long-term goals
Rationale: Long-term goals describe changes in client behavior expected over a time frame greater than one week. They are usually designed to restore normal functioning in a problem area and are helpful to other healthcare workers who care for the client, often in a variety of settings.
Which of these is a correctly stated outcome goal written by the nurse?
A. The client will walk 2 miles daily by March 19
B. The client will understand how to give insulin by discharge
C. The client will regain their former state of health by April 1
D. The client achieve desired mobility by May 7
A. The client will walk 2 miles daily by March 19
Rationale: Outcome goals should be SMART, i.e., Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Realistic, and Timely. Option 1 is the only outcome that has a specific behavior (walks daily), with measurable performance criteria (2 miles), and a time estimate for goal attainment (by March 19).
The nursing diagnosis is Risk for impaired skin integrity related to immobility and pressure secondary to pain and presence of a cast. Which of the following desired outcomes should the nurse include in the care plan?
A. Client will be able to turn self by day 3
B. Skin will remain intact and without redness during hospital stay
C. Client will state pain relieved within 30 minutes after medication
D. Pressure will be prevented by repositioning client every 2 hours
B. Skin will remain intact and without redness during hospital stay
Rationale: The human response/label is what needs to change (Risk for impaired skin integrity). The label suggests the outcomes. In this case, “skin will remain intact” is the desired outcome for a client at risk for impaired skin integrity. Option 1 addresses immobility. Option 3 addresses pain. Option 4 is an intervention.
While assisting a client from bed to chair, the nurse observes that the client looks pale and is beginning to perspire heavily. The nurse would then do which of the following activities as a reassessment?
A. Help client into the chair but more quickly
B. Document client’s vital signs taken just prior to moving the client
C. Help client back to bed immediately
D. Observe client’s skin color and take another set of vital signs
D. Observe client’s skin color and take another set of vital signs
Rationale: Assessment is ongoing throughout the nurse-client relationship. During re-assessment, the nurse collects additional data to help evaluate the status of problems or identify new problems. Options 1, 2, and 3 are interventions.
After instructing the client on crutch walking technique, the nurse should evaluate the client’s understanding by using which of the following methods?
A. Return demonstration
B. Explanation
C. Achievement of 90 on written test
D. Have client explain produce to the family
A. Return demonstration
Rationale: Interpersonal skills are the sum of the activities the nurse uses when communicating with others. Technical/psychomotor skills are “hands-on” skills, which are often procedures and are evaluated by return demonstration. Cognitive skills are the intellectual skills of analysis and problem-solving and are evaluated by tests.