The Neuman Model (part 2) (contains nursing process ?'s)

Question 1

A client comes to the walk-in clinic with reports of abdominal pain and diarrhea. While taking the client’s vital signs, the nurse is implementing which phase of the nursing process?

A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. Implementation

Answer 1

A. Assessment

Rationale: The first step in the nursing process is assessment, the process of collecting data. All subsequent phases of the nursing process (options 2, 3, and 4) rely on accurate and complete data.

Question 2

The nurse is measuring the client’s urine output and straining the urine to assess for stones. Which of the following should the nurse record as objective data?

A. The client reports abdominal pain
B. The client’s urine output was 450 mL
C. The client states, “I didn’t see any stones in my urine.”
D. The client states, “I feel like I have passed a stone.”

Answer 2

B. The client’s urine output was 450 mL.

Rationale: Objective data is measurable data that can be seen, heard, or verified by the nurse. The objective data is the measurement of the urine output. A client’s statements and reports of symptoms are documented as subjective data, such as the data found in options 1, 3, and 4.

Question 3

When evaluating an elderly client’s blood pressure (BP) of 146/78 mmHg, the nurse does which of the following before determining whether the BP is normal or represents hypertension?

A. Compare this reading against defined standards
B. Compare the reading with one taken in the opposite arm
C. Determine gaps in the vital signs in the client record
D. Compare the current measurement with previous ones

Answer 3

A. Compare this reading against defined

Rationale: Analysis of the client’s BP requires knowledge of the normal BP range for an older adult. The nurse compares the client’s data against identified standards to determine whether this reading is normal or abnormal. Measuring the BP in the other arm (option 2) and comparing the reading to previous ones (option 4) will give additional client data, but the comparison alone will not determine whether the BP is normal. Gaps in the record (option 3) will not aid in interpreting the current measurement.

Question 4

Which of the following behaviors by the nurse demonstrates that the nurse is participating in critical thinking? Select all that apply.

A. Admitting not knowing how to do a procedure and requesting help
B. Using clever and persuasive remarks to support an opinion or position
C. Accepting without question the values acquired in nursing school
D. Finding a quick and logical answer, even to complex questions
E. Gathering three assistants to transfer the client to a stretcher after noting the client weighs 300 lbs.

Answer 4

A. Admitting not knowing how to do a procedure and requesting help
E. Gathering three assistants to transfer the client to a stretcher after noting the client weighs 300 lbs.

Rationale: Critical thinking in nursing is self-directed, supporting what nurses know and making clear what they do not know. It is important for nurses to recognize when they lack the knowledge they need to provide safe care for a client (option 1). Nurses must also utilize their resources to acquire the support they need to care for a client safely (option 5). Options 2, 3, and 4 do not demonstrate critical thinking.

Question 5

The nurse has documented the following outcome goal in the care plan: “The client will transfer from bed to chair with two-person assist.” The charge nurse tells the nurse to add which of the following to complete the goal?

A. Client behavior
B. Conditions or modifiers
C. Performance criteria
D. Target time

Answer 5

D. Target time

Rationale: The outcome goal does not state the target timeframe for when the nurse should expect to see the client behavior (“transfer”). The condition or modifier is present (“with two assists”). The performance criterion is “from bed to chair.”

Question 6

The nurse who documents on the client’s care plan the outcome goal “Anxiety will be relieved within 20 to 40 minutes following administration of lorazepam (Ativan)” is engaged in which step of the nursing process?

A. Assessment
B. Planning
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation

Answer 6

B. Planning

Rationale: The planning step of the nursing process involves formulating client goals and designing the nursing interventions required to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the client’s health problems. Outcome goals are documented on the client’s care plan. Assessment data (option 1) is used to help identify a client’s human response, and once a plan is established, the interventions are implemented (option 3) and evaluated (option 4).

Question 7

When the client resists taking a liquid medication that is essential to treatment, the nurse demonstrates critical thinking by doing which of the following first?

A. Omitting this dose of medication and waiting until the client is more cooperative
B. Suggesting the medication can be diluted in a beverage
C. Asking the nurse manager about how to approach the situation
D. Notifying the physician inability to give the client this medication

Answer 7

B. Suggesting the medication can be diluted in a beverage

Rationale: Diluting the medication in a beverage may make the medication more palatable. Using critical thinking skills, the nurse should try to problem-solve in a situation such as this before asking for the assistance of the nurse manager. Suggesting an alternative method of taking the medication (provided that there are no contraindications to diluting the medication) should improve the likelihood of the client taking the medication.

Question 8

Which professionally appropriate response should the nurse make when a more stringent policy for the use of restraints is introduced on a surgical unit?

A. Use the previous, less restrictive policy conscientiously
B. Express immediate disagreement with the new policy
C. Ask for the rationale behind the new policy
D. Obey the policy but continue to voice disapproval of it to co-workers

Answer 8

C. Ask for the rationale behind the new policy

Rationale: Understanding the rationale behind a decision helps the nurse analyze the proposed change and understand its purpose. Options 1, 2, and 4 represent unprofessional behavior. Option 1 also places a client’s safety at risk.

Question 9

The nurse assigned to care for a postoperative client has asked an unlicensed assistive person (UAP) to help the client ambulate in the hall. Before delegating this task, the nurse must do which of the following?

A. Assess the client to be sure ambulation with assistance is an appropriate care measure
B. Ask the client if he or she is ready to ambulate
C. Ask whether the UAP has time to assist the client
D. Ask the charge nurse whether UAPs have ambulated the client during this shift

Answer 9

A. Assess the client to be sure ambulation with assistance is an appropriate care measure

Rationale: Prior to delegating any client care responsibilities, the nurse must assess the client to assure that the delegation is appropriate to his or her care. Options 2, 3, and 4 would not constitute an assessment of the client’s current status.

Question 10

The nurse makes the following entry on the client’s care plan: “Goal not met. Client refuses to ambulate, stating, ‘I am too afraid I will fall.’ “ The nurse should take which of the following actions?

A. Notify the physician
B. Reassign the client to another nurse
C. Reexamine the nursing orders
D. Write a new nursing diagnosis

Answer 10

B. Reexamine the nursing orders

Rationale: The plan needs to be reassessed whenever goals are not met. Nursing interventions should be examined to ensure the best interventions were selected to assist the client achieve the goal. The goal may be appropriate, but the client may need more time to achieve the desired outcome. The manner in which the nursing interventions were implemented may have interfered with achieving the outcome.

Question 11

In developing a plan of care for a client with chronic hypertension, which nursing activity would be most important?

A. Set incremental goals for blood pressure reduction
B. Instruct the client to make dietary changes by reducing sodium intake
C. Include the client and family when setting goals and formulating the plan of care
D. Assess past compliance to medication regimens

Answer 11

C. Include the client and family when setting goals and formulating the plan of care

Rationale: In developing a plan of care, nurses engage in a partnership with the client and family. Nurses do not plan care for clients; instead they plan care with clients and families. Assessment (option 4), goal setting (option 1), and interventions (option 2) will be most accurate and effective when carried out in partnership with the client and family. The other options represent other actions to take, but they will have less overall effectiveness if the client and family are not part of the plan.

Question 12

Which nurse is demonstrating the assessment phase of the nursing process?

A.The nurse who observes that the client’s pain was relieved with pain medication
B. The nurse who turns the client to a more comfortable position
C. The nurse who ask the client how much lunch he or she ate
D. The nurse who works with the client to set desired outcome goals

Answer 12

C. The nurse who ask the client how much lunch he or she ate

Rationale: Assessment involves collecting, organizing, validating, and documenting data about a client. Option 1 represents the evaluation phase. Option 2 represents the implemention phase. Option 4 represents the planning phase.

Question 13

The client states, “My chest hurts and my left arm feels numb.” The nurse interprets that this data is of which type and source?

A. Subjective data from a primary source
B. Subjective data from a secondary source
C. Objective data from a primary source
D. Objective data from a secondary source

Answer 13

A. Subjective data from a primary source

Rationale: The client states, “My chest hurts and my left arm feels numb.” The nurse interprets that this data is of which type and source?

Question 14

The nurse feels a client is at risk for skin breakdown because he has only had clear liquids for the last 10 days (and essentially no protein intake). The nurse would formulate which diagnostic statement that would best reflect this problem?

A. Risk for malnutrition related to clear liquid diet
B. Impaired skin integrity related to no protein intake
C. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to malnutrition
D. Impaired nutrition related to current illness

Answer 14

C. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to malnutrition

Rationale: This is a risk diagnosis, and the diagnostic statement has two parts: the human response (impaired skin integrity) and the related/risk factor (malnutrition). Options 1 and 2 do not have related factors that are under the control of the nurse (i.e., type of diet ordered). The diagnosis in option 4 does not specify the type of impairment (greater than or less than body requirements) and is therefore incomplete. It also does not provide direction for development of goals and interventions.

Question 15

The nurse would place which correctly written nursing diagnostic statement into the client’s care plan?

A. Cancer relater to cigarette smoking
B. Impaired gas exchange related to aspiration of foreign matter as evidenced by oxygen saturation of 91%
C. Imbalance nutrition: more than body requirement related to overweight status
D. Impaired physical mobility related to generalized weakness and pain

Answer 15

B. Impaired gas exchange related to aspiration of foreign matter as evidence by oxygen saturation of 91%

Rationale: A nursing diagnosis consists of two parts joined by related to. The first part (the human response) names/labels the problem. The second part (related factors) includes the factors that either contribute to or are probable etiologies of the human response. Some formats include a third part to the statement for actual (not risk) diagnoses; this third part consists of the client’s signs or symptoms and is joined to the statement with the label as evidenced by. This type of statement is the most complete. Option 1 is not a nursing diagnosis but is a medical diagnosis. Options 3 and 4 are vague.

Question 16

Which of the following outcome goals has the nurse designed correctly for the postoperative client’s plan of care? Select all that apply.

A. Client will state pain is less than or equal to 3 on zero to ten pain scale
B. Client will have no pain
C. Client will state pain is less than or equal to a 3 on a 0-10 pain scale within 24 hours
D. Client will state pain is less than or equal to a 5 on a 0-10 pain scale by the time of discharge
E. Client will be medicated every 4 hours by the nurse

Answer 16

C. Client will state pain is less than or equal to a 3 on a 0-10 pain scale within 24 hours
D. Client will state pain is less than or equal to a 5 on a 0-10 pain scale by the time of discharge

Rationale: An outcome goal should be SMART: specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic, and timely. Options 3 and 4 are SMART goals. Options 1 and 2 have no timeframe to achieve the goal and are therefore incomplete. Option 2 is also unrealistic; the nurse cannot expect a postoperative client to be pain free. Option 5 is not a client goal.

Question 17

The nurse questions if the dosage of a medication is unsafe for the client because of the client’s weight and age. The nurse should take which of the following actions?

A. Administer the medication as ordered by the prescriber
B. Call the prescriber to discuss the order and the nurse’s concern
C. Administer the medication, but chart the nurse’s concern about the dosage
D. Give the client half the dosage and document accordingly

Answer 17

B. Call the prescriber to discuss the order and the nurse’s concern

Rationale: Client safety is of the utmost importance when implementing any nursing intervention. If the nurse feels that an order is unsafe or inappropriate for a client, the nurse must act as a client advocate and collaborate with the appropriate healthcare team member to determine the rationale for the order and/or modify the order as necessary. A nurse accepts accountability for his or her actions. Options 1, 3, and 4 are inappropriate and unsafe.

Question 18

Which activity would be appropriate for the nurse to delegate to an unlicensed assistive person (UAP)?

A. Taking vital signs of clients on the nursing unit
B. Assisting the physician with an invasive procedure
C. Adjusting the rate on an infusion pump
D. Evaluating achievement of client outcome goals

Answer 18

A. Taking vital signs of clients on the nursing unit

Rationale: Part of the professional nurse’s role is to delegate responsibility for activities while maintaining accountability. The nurse must match the needs of the client with the skills and knowledge of UAPs. Certain skills and activities, such as those in options 2, 3, and 4, are not within the legal scope of practice for a UAP.

Question 19

In giving a change-of-shift report, which type of client information communicated by the nurse is most appropriate?

A. Vital signs are stable
B. Client is pleasant, alert, and oriented to time, place, and person
C. The chest x-ray results were negative
D. Client voided 250 mL of urine 2 hours after the urinary catheter removal

Answer 19

D. Client voided 250 mL of urine 2 hours after the urinary catheter removal

Rationale: A change-of-shift report should include significant changes (good or bad) in a client’s condition. The information should be accurate, concise, clear, and complete. Options 1 is vague and options 2 and 3 are normal data and are therefore of lesser importance to convey in the change-of-shift report.

Question 20

Twenty minutes after administering pain medication to the client, the nurse returns to ask if the client’s level of pain has decreased. The nurse documents the client’s response as part of which phase of the nursing process?

A. Diagnosis
B. Planning
C. Implementation
D. Evaluation

Answer 20

D. Evaluation

Rationale: Evaluating is the process of comparing client responses to the outcome goals to determine whether, or to what degree, goals have been met. Diagnosing identifies health problems, risks, and strengths. Planning is the formulation of client goals and nursing strategies (interventions) required to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the client’s health problems. Implementing is carrying out or delegating the nursing interventions.