The Neurological System (Part 1) Overview Flashcards
What are the 2 main segments of the Nervous System?
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord both make up the-
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes the-
The Cranial Nerves
The Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
What do Afferent Sensory Nerves do?
Send info to the Spinal Cord and Brain
What do Efferent Sensory Nerves do?
Send info from the Brain to the rest of the body
What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) include?
The Parasympathetic Nervous System
The Sympathetic Nervous System
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?
Protect the body in times of danger and stress
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?
Maintains the regulatory tasks of the body
What stimulates neurons to send electrical impulses from one neuron to the next?
Chemical Neurotransmitters
What are Neurons?
Cells that conduct nerve impulses in the CNS and PNS
What are the different parts that make up a Neuron?
A Cell Body
Dendrites
An Axon
What does the Cell Body of a Neuron consist of?
Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, etc.
What is the thread-like structure that carries nerve impulses away from the Cell Body of a Neuron?
The Axon
Axons have multiple appendages that reach out to-
Dendrites of nearby Neurons
What is the space between an Axon’s appendages and the neighboring cell’s Dendrites called?
The Synaptic Cleft
What causes the electrochemical reactions that occur in the Synaptic Cleft?
Depolarization happens because Sodium and Potassium ions get interchanged across the Axon Membrane
What ions regulate the flow of other ions through an Axon Membrane?
Calcium Ions
What releases Neurotransmitters? Where do they go to?
The Axon of one neuron releases Neurotransmitters onto the Dendrites of another Neuron
Name some Chemical Neurotransmitters that can be found in the CNS?
Acetylcholine
Histamine
Gama-Butyric Acid (GABA)
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Monoamines
Name some examples of Monoamines?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
What is the function of the ANS?
Maintain regulatory functions of the body (via the release of Neurotransmitters) + Protect the body in times of stress and danger
What is the Alpha 1 Sympathetic Receptor responsible for controlling?
Pupils
Coronary Arteries
Peripheral Blood Vessels
Intestinal Blood Vessels
Bladder Body
Bladder Sphincter
What is the Alpha 2 Sympathetic Receptor responsible for controlling?
Salivary Gland
Intestinal Tone
What is the Beta 1 Sympathetic Receptor responsible for controlling?
Heart Rate
Heart Contraction
What is the Beta 2 Sympathetic Receptor responsible for controlling?
Coronary Arteries
Peripheral Blood Vessels
Bronchi
Pulmonary Blood Vessels
Uterus
The dilation of the pupils is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The is a constriction of the pupils is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
The decreased secretion of the salivary gland is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The increased salivation of the salivary gland is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response to stimulus?
Parasympathetic
Increased heart rate is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
Decreased heart rate is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
The increased force of the heart’s contractions is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The decreased force of the heart’s contractions is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
The constriction of the coronary arteries is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The dilation of the coronary arteries is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The relaxation of the coronary arteries is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
The vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The vasodilation of the peripheral blood vessels is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The dilation of the bronchi is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The constriction of the bronchi is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
The dilation of the pulmonary blood vessels is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The constriction of the pulmonary blood vessels is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
A decreased intestinal tone is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The peripheral blood vessels and uterus both don’t have-
A parasympathetic response to a stimulus
A increased intestinal tone is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
The constriction of the intestinal blood vessels is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Sympathetic
The dilation of the intestinal blood vessels is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction?
Parasympathetic
Mild relaxation of the bladder body is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction to stimulus?
Sympathetic
Contraction of the bladder body is a sympathetic or parasympathetic reaction to stimulus?
Parasympathetic
The constriction of the bladder sphincter is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response to stimulus?
The relaxation of the bladder sphincter is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response to stimulus?
Parasympathetic
The contraction of the uterus is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response to stimulus?
Sympathetic
The relaxation of the uterus is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response to stimulus?
Sympathetic
The Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, and Beta 2 sensory receptors are all apart of-
The ANS
What are some chemical neurotransmitters that can be found in the ANS?
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
What receptors do the Acetylcholine neurotransmitters stimulate?
Cholinergic Receptors
What receptors do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine neurotransmitters stimulate?
Adrenergic Receptors
Medications are Cholinergic or Adrenergic based on-
Which neurotransmitter they stimulate
What’s the difference between Agonists and Antagonists?
Antagonists block the typical action of of a neurotransmitter
Agonists stimulate the typical action of a neurotransmitter
How do Agonists stimulate the typical action of a neurotransmitter?
Agonists fit into the receptor site like a puzzle piece
What does a Cholinergic Antagonist do?
Blocks the effects of Acetylcholine
What does a Cholinergic Agonist do?
Enhances the effects of Acetylcholine
What do meds ending with the suffix “-ase” do?
They block the degradation of a transmitter by interfering with the enzyme that breaks down the transmitter, prolonging its action
Sympathetic reactions to stimuli have little to no effect on-
Secretion
ANS receptors that chemical transmitters affect fall into-
Subtypes
What determines the subtype of the ANS receptors affected by chemical transmitters?
Location
Acetylcholine Receptors that reside on a Ganglia or as a part of the Neuromuscular Junction, may fall into either of which two subtypes?
Muscarinic or Nicotinic
What are the goals of medication therapy for Neurological Disorders?
Depress or increase activity of the CNS
Regulate amounts of CNS neurotransmitters
Stimulate or block autonomic receptors
