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Step 2 Critical Care Course > The Neurological System > Flashcards

The Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the nervous system tree diagram?

A
  • The nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.
  • The Peripheral Nervous System contains the Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System.
  • The Autonomic Nervous System consists of the Sympathetic Division and the Parasympathetic Division.
  • The Somatic Nervous System consists of the Sensory Nervous System (afferent) and the Motor Nervous System (efferent).
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2
Q

What are the different lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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3
Q

What are the functions of the Frontal Lobe?

A
  • Problem solving
  • Judgement
    -Inhibition
  • Motor planning
  • Personality
  • Emotional traits
  • Language production
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4
Q

What are the functions of the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Understanding language
  • Organisation and sequencing
  • Information retrieval
  • Musical awareness
  • Memory
  • Hearing
  • Learning
    Feelings
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5
Q

What are the functions of the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Sense of touch, taste; smell
  • Spatial awareness
  • Visual perception
  • Academic skills
  • Math calculations
  • Reading
  • Writing
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6
Q

What are the functions of the Occipital Lobe?

A
  • Visual perception
  • Visual interpretation
  • Reading
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7
Q

What are the functions of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Coordination
  • Balance and equilibrium
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8
Q

What are the functions of the Brainstem?

A
  • Sense of balance
  • Reflexes
  • Breathing
  • Digestion
  • Swallowing
  • Consciousness
  • Temperature
  • Alertness
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9
Q

What is the brainstem comprised of?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla
  • Pons
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10
Q

What are some primary causes of Altered Level of Consciousness (ALOC)?

A
  • Tumor
  • Abscess
  • Seizures
  • Haemorrhage/thrombosis
  • Infection
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11
Q

What are some management strategies of primary causes of ALOC?

A
  • Surgical intervention
  • Antibiotics
  • Medical management
  • Thrombolysis/evacuation
  • Anaesthesia
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12
Q

What are some secondary causes of Altered Level of Consciousness (ALOC)?

A
  • Hypotension
  • Drugs
  • Alcohol
  • Hypoglycaemia/hyperglycaemia
  • Hypoxia
  • Metabolic state
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13
Q

What are some management strategies of secondary causes of ALOC?

A
  • Fluids
  • Medication
  • Protective measures and reversal
  • Glucose/insulin
  • Supplemental oxygen
  • Medical management
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14
Q

How do you work out cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

A

CPP = MAP - ICP

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15
Q

What makes up the percentage of the head and skull?

A
  • The skull is a box, very rigid and flexible.
  • The brain sits in the box and takes up 80% of space.
  • There is 10% of space taken up with blood.
  • There is 10% of space taken up with intracranial fluid.
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16
Q

What is intracranial pressure?

A
  • Intracranial pressure is the pressure exerted by fluids.
  • Intracranial pressure is measured in millimetres.
  • It is normally between 7-15mm for an adult.
17
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  • It is made by tissue that line the ventricles in the brain.
  • It flows in and around the brain and spinal cord to help cushion them from injury and provide nutrients.
18
Q

What would a patient with an increased ICP (intracranial pressure) present as?

A
  • Reduced GCS
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Papilledema
  • Cushings reflex/triad
19
Q

What is cushings reflex/triad?

A
  • Cushings is a physiological response to acute increase in ICP.
  • Cushings is usually a sign of late stages of brainstem dysfunction.
  • Observations to watch out for include: high systolic blood pressure, bradycardia, irregular respiratory rate.
20
Q

What are some procedures used in the Neurological System?

A
  • ICP bolts
  • Craniotomy
  • Craniectomy
  • EVD
  • Shunts
21
Q

What is an ICP bolt?

A
  • We can monitor a patient’s intracranial pressure by inserting a monitoring device called an ICP bolt.
  • Small hole is drilled into the skull and a probe is inserted past the dura.
  • This is for monitoring purposes only.
22
Q

What is a craniotomy?

A
  • Craniotomies are used for the following:
  • Diagnose/treat brain tumors
  • Clip or repair aneurysm
  • Remove clots
  • Repair skull fractures/membrane
  • Relieve pressure
23
Q

What is a craniectomy used for?

A
  • Relieve pressure caused by traumatic head injury.
24
Q

What is an external ventricular drain (EVD)?

A
  • EVD’s are inserted via a burr hole to drain fluid from the brain.
25
Q

What is a ventriculoperitoneal shunt?

A
  • If there is an obstruction of CSF flowing out of the ventricles a shunt may be inserted.
  • This is usually for hydrocephalus.
  • CSF is then drained into the abdomen.

Step 2 Critical Care Course (7 decks)

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