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16- EQ- Gait abnormalities and neurology > The neurological horse with abnormal mentation > Flashcards

The neurological horse with abnormal mentation Flashcards

1
Q

Describe depressed mentation

A

animal is awake but not alert to surroundings, not interested in normal stimuli

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2
Q

Describe obtunded mentation

A

animal is dull and slow to respond but will respond appropriately

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3
Q

Describe stuporous mentation

A

animal is unresponsive to normal stimuli but can be aroused with strong stimuli

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4
Q

Describe comatose mentation

A

state of unconsciousness in which the animal cannot be aroused, even with noxious stimuli

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5
Q

List the general signs of forebrain disease

A

obtundation
head-pressing
teeth grinding
hyperstesia
blindness
seizures
circling
head turn
ataxia

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6
Q

4 neurological issues causing abnormal mentation

A

Viral encephalitides
head trauma
hepatic encephalopathy
leuko-encephalomalacia

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7
Q

4 viral encephalitides that cause abnormal mentation

A

Eastern/Western/Venezuelan equine encephalitis
west Nile virus
Borna
Rabies

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8
Q

Describe hepatic encephalopathy

A

accumulation of ammonia in the blood due to congenital shunts or dysfunctional liver

the ammonia reaches the brain and astrocytes remove it and convert it to glutamine

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9
Q

Describe the effect glutamine has on the brain

A

increases in glutamine lead to astrocyte swelling (oedema) and GABA neuron inhibition

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10
Q

List the clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy

A

depression
obtundation
head pressing
compulsive walking
ataxia
seizures

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11
Q

Describe how to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy

A

liver enzyme elevation

hyperammonaemia, low BUN and prolonged clotting times in severe disease

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12
Q

Describe how to treat hepatic encephalopathy

A

treat liver disease

IVFT + dextrose, oral lactulose and/or mineral oil (absorps ammonia in GIT), xylazine/detomidine in severe cases

change diet - low protein and high carbohydrates

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13
Q

List the clinical signs of head trauma in horses

A

epistaxis
haemoptysis
ear bleeding
retropharyngeal swelling
blindness
cranial nerve deficits
irregular breathing
anisocoria
obtundation/comatose

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14
Q

Describe how to treat head traumas

A

establish airway
obtain vascular access
clean and dress wounds
antibiotics
padded helmet to prevent further trauma
control temperature
hypertonic saline + mannitol to control ICP
oxygen
antioxidants
NSAIDs
steroids

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15
Q

Describe seizures

A

abnoraml, synchronous electricl discharges in the neurons of the forebrain that lead to spontaneous paroxysmal, involuntary movements

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16
Q

Describe the diagnostic plan in a case of seizures

A

rule out structural aetiology
Good physical exam
full haem and biochem
CSF tap
Skull X-rays, guttural pouch endoscopy

17
Q

Describe how to treat seizures during the acute phase

A

midazolam
diazepam
phenobarbital

18
Q

Describe the safety considerations that need to be made when handling horse that seizures

A

can collapse at any time
handled by someone experienced on long rope
needs large stable with thick bedding
don’t ride until 6 months after withdrawal of medication

19
Q

List the clinical signs of EEE/WEE/VE

A

high fever
forebrain disease signs
head-tilt
muscle tremors
recumbency

20
Q

what type of hosts are humans and horses for WEE and EEE

A

dead end hosts

21
Q

what type of hosts are humans and horses for VE

A

amplification hosts

22
Q

are EEE/WEE/VE notifiable?

A

yes

23
Q

how do we diagnose EEE/WEE/VE

A

clinical signs + signalment
serological IgM tests
CSF analysis (neutrophilic inflammation with high protein)

24
Q

prognosis for EEE/WEE/VE

A

BAD

25
Q

How is EEE/WEE/VE transmitted

A

mosquitoes

26
Q

how is WNV transmitted

A

via mosquitos

27
Q

when are horses at risk of WNV

A

if they are unvaccinated and travelling to endemic areas in Spring-Autumn

28
Q

List the clinical signs of WNV

A

ataxia
limb weakness
muscle twitching
obtundation
dog-sitting posture
thoracic limb knuckling
recumbency
circling
facial and tongue paralysis
head tilt

29
Q

how do we diagnose WNV

A

clinical signs and history

serology - IgM ELISA

CSF analysis

30
Q

how is Borna virus spread

A

via contact with a white-toothed shrews urine

31
Q

List the clinical signs of Borna virus

A

Fever
central blindness
chewing and swallowing deficits + other forebrain signs

32
Q

What is Borna virus incubation period

A

around 2 months

33
Q

Describe how to diagnose borna virus

A

CSF ELISA
PME

34
Q

how does rabies virus cause disease

A

neuroaxonal migration from the site of the bite to CNS

35
Q

is rabies notifiable

A

yes

36
Q

List the clinical signs of rabies in horses

A

shifting lameness
mild colic
ataxia
loss of spinal reflexes
tail and anal paralysis
priapism
tenesmus
intermittent fever

37
Q

can we treat rabies

A

No -PTS

38
Q

which viral encephalitides can we treat with supportive care

A

WNV, WEE and Borna Virus

16- EQ- Gait abnormalities and neurology (20 decks)

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