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Brain > The Neurological Exam > Flashcards

The Neurological Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of pinhole testing and how does it work?

A

Corrects for refractive error - that is, inadequate focusing of light on the retina from hypermetropia or myopia. Pinholes focus a small beam of vision on the macula, allowing accurate testing of the optic nerve itself rather than the lens etc.

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2
Q

What muscle is responsible for eye abduction and what nerve?

A

Lateral rectus, abducens

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3
Q

What muscle and nerve controls looking down and inwards eye movement?

A

Superior oblique - Trochlear nerve

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4
Q

What sensory nerve, and roots, innervate sensation of the area below Mandibular trigeminal, above neck and just behind ear?

A

Greater auricular nerve C2-3

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5
Q

What nerves and roots innervate the sensory area at the back of the head?

A

Great and lesser occipital nerves, C2/3

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6
Q

What nerve and roots innervate the anterior neck?

A

Anterior cutaneous nerve of neck, C2/3

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7
Q

What does onion skin facial sensory loss mean?

A

Losing sensation in a concentric circle pattern, indicating brain stem lesion

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8
Q

What test is the most sensitive indicator of trigeminal nerve damage and what is the efferent part of the pathway?

A

Corneal reflex - afferent is ophthalmic division of trigeminal
Efferent is facial

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9
Q

What way does the jaw deviate in unilateral trigeminal motor nerve lesions and why?

A

Towards the affected side - unilateral weakness of pterygoids means the jaw is pushed towards that weak side by the strong pterygoids

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10
Q

Muscle responsible for forehead wrinkling?

A

Frontal is

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11
Q

Muscle responsible for eyes tightly shut?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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12
Q

Muscle responsible for purse lips and puff cheeks out?

A

Buccinator

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13
Q

Muscle responsible for showing teeth?

A

Orbicularis oris

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14
Q

What does asymmetry of palatal movements, or vocal cord palsy, suggest?

A

Vagus nerve damage

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15
Q

What are the two nerves involved in the gag reflex?

A

CN9 (glossopharyngeal) - afferent

CN10 (vagus) efferent palatal contraction

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16
Q

What does pronator drift indicate?

A

Pyramidal weakness

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17
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for shoulder abduction?

A

Deltoid
Axillary nerve
C5(/6)

18
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for elbow flexion?

A

Biceps brachii
Musculocutaneous nerve
C5/6

19
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for elbow extension?

A

Triceps
Radial nerve
C(6),7,(8)

20
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for finger extension?

A

Extensor digitorum
Posterior interosseus nerve
C7,(8)

21
Q

Muscles, nerves and root for finger flexion?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus 1-4
Median for 1-2, ulnar for 3-4
C(7), 8

22
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for thumb abduction?

A

Abductor policis brevis
Median nerve
C8/T1

23
Q

Muscles, nerve and root for finger abduction?

A

Dorsal interosseus muscles
Ulnar nerve
T1

24
Q

What is the nerve and root for the supinator reflex?

A

Radial nerve

Root C6/7

25
Q

Useful abdominal dermatomal landmarks?

A

T4 - nipples
T10 - umbilicus
T12 - Inguinal ligaments

26
Q

What roots do the abdominal reflexes test?

A

T7-12

27
Q

What roots does the cremasteric reflex test?

A

L1/2

28
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for hip flexion?

A

Ilio-psoas
L1/2
Femoral nerve

29
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for hip extension?

A

Gluteus maximus
L5/S1, (2)
Inferior gluteal nerve

30
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for hip abduction?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fasciae latae
L4/5
Superior gluteal nerve

31
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for hip adduction?

A

Adductors (Magnus)
L2,3
Obturator nerve

32
Q

Muscle, nerve and roots for knee flexion?

A

Hamstrings
Sciatic nerve
(L5), S1, (2)

33
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for knee extension?

A

Quadriceps
L3/4
Femoral nerve

34
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for ankle dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior
L4, (5)
Deep peroneal nerve

35
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for ankle plantarflexion?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus
S1/2
Tibial nerve

36
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for big toe dorsiflexion/extension?

A

Extensor hallucis longus
Deep peroneal nerve
L5

37
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for ankle inversion?

A

Tibialis posterior
L4/5
Tibial nerve

38
Q

Muscle, nerve and root for ankle eversion?

A

Peroneus longus, brevis
L5/S1
Superficial peroneal nerve

39
Q

What muscle contraction is responsible for a positive babinski response?

A

Extensor hallucis longus

40
Q

What are the two most common aetiologies of Lhermitte phenomenon?

A

Demyelinating

Compressive

Brain (22 decks)

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