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CELL BIO EXAM 3 > The Nervous System: The Information Super Highway > Flashcards

The Nervous System: The Information Super Highway Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Monitors conditions and takes corrective action, when necessary to keep everything running smoothly

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2
Q

The brain and the spinal cord make up the?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) which controls the total nervous system

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3
Q

Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord is part if the ?

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

The input side of the nervous system is the ?

A

Sensory system

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5
Q

The output side of the nervous system is the?

A

Motor system

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6
Q

The somatic nervous system controls?

A

Skeletal muscle and mostly voluntary movements

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7
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls ?

A

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle along with several glands

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8
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts ?

A

The parasympathetic system and sympathetic system

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9
Q

The parasympathetic system deals with?

A

Normal body functions

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10
Q

The sympathetic nervous system controls ?

A

The “fight or flight” response system

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11
Q

Specialized cells in the nervous system is called?

A

Neuroglia or glia cells that perform specialized functions

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12
Q

In the CNS there are four types of glia cells?

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependylmal
Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

This type of glial cell has a metabolic and structural support cells

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

This type of glial cell removes debris is called?

A

Microglia

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15
Q

This type of glial cells cover and line cavities of the nervous system called?

A

Ependymal cells

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16
Q

This type of glial cell make a lipid insulation called myelin that allows neurons to communicate quickly is called?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

The PNS has two types of glial cells called?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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18
Q

This type of glial cell make myelin for the PNS (analogous to Oligodendrocytes)

A

Schwann cells

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19
Q

This type of glial cell in the PNS supports cells (analogous to Astrocytes)

A

Satellite cells

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20
Q

All of the control functions of the nervous system must be carries by a group of cells called?

A

Neurons

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21
Q

This cell have many branches and even a tail called?

A

Neurons

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22
Q

The function of the neurons body is?

A

Cell metabolism

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23
Q

The function of the neurons dendrites is to?

A

Receive information from the environment or another cell

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24
Q

The function of the neurons axons is to?

A

Generate and send signals to other cells

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25
Q

The function of the neurons axon terminal (end of axon) is?

A

Where the signal leaves the cell

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26
Q

The function of the neurons synapse is?

A

Where the axon terminal and receiving cell meets

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27
Q

Neurons which carry information between neurons are called?

A

Interneurons

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28
Q

A resting cell is when a cell is ?

A

Not stimulated or excited

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29
Q

Action potential is the cell___?

A

Moving through depolarization and re-polarization

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30
Q

The cell cannot accept another stimulus until it returns to its resting state, and this time period when it cannot accept another stimulus is called ?

A

Refractory period

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31
Q

Neurons can use their ability to generate ___?

A

Electricity to send, receive, and interpret signals

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32
Q

In local potentials, the size of the stimulus determines the?

A

Excitement of the cell

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33
Q

Many sensory cells work via local potentials, which is how your?

A

CNS determines the size of the environmental change

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34
Q

The dendrites carry depolarization to the sensory neuron cell body which takes the information and ____?

A

Generates an action potential if the stimulus is big enough

35
Q

The speed of i mouse conduction is determined by?

A

The amount of myelin and the diameter of the axon

36
Q

_____is a lipid insulation or sheath formed by the Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS?

A

Myelin

37
Q

Myelinated nerves look__?

A

White

38
Q

Unmyelinated nerves look?

A

Gray

39
Q

Myelin is essential for ?

A

Speedy flow of APs down the axon

40
Q

in an unmyelinated axon, the AP can___?

A

Only flow down the axon by depolarization in a relatively slow process

41
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the ?

A

Myelin in the CNS where many areas of myelin are destroyed

42
Q

What are some symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A

Disturbance in balance, vision, vision, speech, or movement is possible

43
Q

MS occurs more in?

A

Women and in patients who are usually under 50 years old

44
Q

The wider the diameter of the axon___?

A

The faster the flow of ions

45
Q

____ is used to send the signal from the neuron across the synapse to the next cell in line ?

A

Neurotransmitter

46
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prevent?

A

The clean up of the neurotransmitter serotonin from synapses, thus increasing the effects of serotonin on the receiving cell

47
Q

What are examples of antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs that are SSRIs ?

A

Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft

48
Q

The neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse creating a specialized synapse between?

A

Somatic (voluntary) motor neurons and the skeletal muscles they innervate

49
Q

Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme ?

A

Responsible for cleaning up the synapse

50
Q

The meninges are a ?

A

Protective covering of both the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

The meninges help to set up layers that?

A

Act as cushioning and shock absorbers

52
Q

The outer layer of the meninges is a thick fibrous tissue called?

A

Dura mater

53
Q

The middle layer of the meninges is a wispy, delicate layer, resembling a spider web, acting as a shock absorber is called?

A

Arachnoid mater

54
Q

The innermost layer of the meninges, fused to the neural tissue, containing blood vessels that serve the brain and spinal cord is called?

A

Pia mater

55
Q

The space between the dura mater and the vertebral column is a space filled with ?

A

Fate and blood vessels called the epidural space

56
Q

The spinal cord is divided in half by?

A

Anterior median fissure (deep groove) and a posterior median sulcus (shallow groove)

57
Q

The interior of the spinal cord is then divided into a series of sections of?

A

White matter columns and gray matter horns

58
Q

What are the three types of horns of the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal (posterior) horn
The ventral (anterior) horn
The lateral horn

59
Q

The dorsal (posterior) horn is involved in?

A

Sensory functions

60
Q

The ventral (anterior) horn is involved in ?

A

Motor function

61
Q

The lateral horn is involved in?

A

Dealing with autonomic functions

62
Q

The dorsal, lateral, and ventral white columns of the spinal cord acts as?

A

Never tracts, pathways, or axons, running up and down the spinal cord to and from the brain.

63
Q

Ascending pathways carry information from your?

A

Sense of tough to the spinal cord and then to your brain from all parts of the skin, joints, and tendons

64
Q

Descending pathways carry motor information from the?

A

Brain to the spinal cord. The axons synapse on motor neurons in the ventral horn which then transmit info to muscle

65
Q

The commissaries, gray and white, connect?

A

Left and right halves of the cord so the two sides of the CNS can communicate.

66
Q

The central canal is a cavity in the center of?

A

The spinal cord filled with CSF

67
Q

The dorsal root, with the embedded dorsal root ganglion, a collection of ?

A

Sensory neurons, carries sensory information while the ventral root is motor

68
Q

Nerves are the connection between the ?

A

CNS and the world outside the CNS, therefore part of the PNS

69
Q

All nerves consist of ?

A

Bundles of axons, blood vessels, and connective tissue

70
Q

Nerves run between the CNS and organs or tissues carrying?

A

Information into and out of the CNS

71
Q

A nerve connected to the spinal cord is called ?

A

Spinal nerves

72
Q

Spinal nerves carry both?

A

Sensory and motor information

73
Q

Reflexes are generally ___?

A

Generally protective, involuntary, and usually gets bigger as the stimulus gets bigger

74
Q

The patellar reflex causes ?

A

You to kick

75
Q

Your startle reflex which causes?

A

You to jump at loud sounds

76
Q

Peripheral neuropathy refers to a ?

A

Number of disorders involving damage to the peripheral nerves

77
Q

Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include?

A

Muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, numbness, tingling, paralysis, pain, abnormal sweating and difficulty controlling BP

78
Q

Cervical injury may result in quadriplegia, and if the diaphragm is paralyzed the individual?

A

Can’t breathe on their own

79
Q

Thoracic spinal cord damage causes paraplegia which?

A

Patient can’t move their arms

80
Q

Guillain barre syndrome is a ?

A

Rapid onset paralysis caused by inflammation of peripheral nerves

81
Q

Myasthenia gravis is an ?

A

Autoimmune disorder

82
Q

In myasthenia gravis some patients experience?

A

Swallowing, chewing, or talking

83
Q

Botulism is a form of paralysis caused by?

A

Toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (canned food)

84
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome is an ?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheathe surrounding the flexor tendon of the palm (typing on a keyboard)

CELL BIO EXAM 3 (4 decks)

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