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Biology > The Nervous System - B3.1 > Flashcards

The Nervous System - B3.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous systems

A

It detects changes in your external environment, sends it to your brain for the appropriate response

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2
Q

Change in the environment

A

Stimulus

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3
Q

Group of cells that detect stimulus

A

Sensory receptors/sensory cells

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4
Q

What occurs the response

A

Effectors or muscle glands

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5
Q

How do receptor cells work/sensory receptors?

A

Change stimulus into electrical impulses travel along neurons to your central nervous system. 

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6
Q

What does CNS stand for and what does it contain

A

The central nervous system contains the spinal cord and brain

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry electrical impulses from receptor cells to the CNS

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8
Q

Relay neurons

A

Carry electrical impulses from sensory neurones to the CNS

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9
Q

Motor neurones

A

Carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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10
Q

Nervous system reaction chart:

A

Stimulus - receptor cells - sensory neurones - spinal chord - brain - spinal chord - motor neurones- effectors - response

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11
Q

Reflex action

A

Automatic or involuntary actions occurring without thinking

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12
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulus - receptor cells - sensory neurones - spinal cord - motor neurones- effector - response

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13
Q

Dendrite

A

Where neurone receives most information

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Where all dna and genetic material is stored

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15
Q

Axon

A

Main body of neurone

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16
Q

Fatty tissue in neurone

A

Myelin sheath

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17
Q

Axon terminal

A

End of axon

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18
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent coating that protects eye and refracts light to come in

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19
Q

Pupil

A

Centre hole in iris - allows light to enter

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20
Q

Iris

A

Coloured ring of muscle tissue - alters pupil size by contracting or relaxing

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21
Q

Lens

A

Bioconvex lens - focuses light clearly on retina

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22
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

Ring of muscle tissue - alters shape of lens

23
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Ligament tissue - connects ciliary muscle to lens

24
Q

Optic nerve

A

Nervous tissue - carries nerve impulses to brain

25
Q

Images formed

A

Cornea refracts light rays - light passes though pupil and further refracted by lens - creates sharp image on retina - photoreceptors produce nervous impulse - to optic nerve - to brain as an image

26
Q

To look at nearby objects

A

Ciliary muscles contract - lens becomes convex (fatter)

27
Q

Focusing on far objects

A

Ciliary muscles relaxes - lens becomes less convex

28
Q

what causes short- sightedness

A

Persons lens being too strong or eye ball long

29
Q

what causes long-sightedness

A

Persons lens too weak - eyeball too short

30
Q

Retina

A

Area at back of eye which contains clusters of light sensitive cells

31
Q

Sclera

A

White outer layer of eye. Quite tough so that little damage to eye ball

32
Q

Short sight

A

Distant objects for light rays meet in front of retina SO - use concave to bend light rays outwards before entering = meet in middle and focus image

33
Q

Long sight

A

Nearby object light rays go behind retina SO - use convex lenses to bend inwards = meet up in middle

34
Q

Two photoreceptors

A

Rods - to see dim light, black and white
Cones - to see colour

35
Q

Constricting pupil

A

radial muscles relax and circular muscles of iris contract

36
Q

Dilating pupil

A

Circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract

37
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Decision making, reasoning and consciousness of emotions

38
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Orientation, movement and memory

39
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex - to do with information from eye

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement and balance

41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory information - hearing and sound and speech

42
Q

Medulla

A

Controls automatic actions- heart and breathing rate

43
Q

PNS damage

A

Numbness and loss of coordination but can heal by itself

44
Q

CNS damage

A

Loss of control to body parts, memory loss and paralysis- cannot regenerate without surgery

45
Q

What is the eyes receptor cells and stimulus

A

Photoreceptors - light

46
Q

Tongue receptors and stimulus

A

Taste - chemical

47
Q

Skin receptors and stimulus

A

Pressure - pressure
Temperature- heat

48
Q

Nose receptors and stimulus

A

Smell - chemical
Taste - chemical

49
Q

How do dendrites join other axons

A

Join by synapses where a neurotransmitter sends information from diffusion

50
Q

What is a synapse

A

A small gap between two neurones

51
Q

Techniques to investigate brain functions

A

CT - computerised tomography uses X-rays to create 3D images and show any abnormalities
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging uses scanning magnets however new fMRI makes images in real time by measuring blood flow to certain areas which are active

52
Q

Why is brain activity difficult

A
  • nerve fibres are very close together so difficult to track or fix one without affecting others
  • brain activity could result in permanent damage to brain
  • unethical as patient may not be making educated choice or decision
53
Q

Dropping ruler experiment

A
  • would measure reaction time
  • distance travelled
  • over speed/ velocity of gravity

Biology (10 decks)

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