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BIOLOGY > The Nervous System and Mitosis - TOPIC 2 > Flashcards

The Nervous System and Mitosis - TOPIC 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is mitosis

A

when a cell reproduces itself by splitting in two to form two genetically identical offspring

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2
Q

what is the product at the end of mitosis

A

two new genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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3
Q

what are the 5 stages of mitosis

A

interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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4
Q

what happens in interphase

A

the cell grows and increases the amount of sub cellular structures it has and also duplicates its DNA

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5
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense and the membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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7
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart and the 2 arms of the chromosomes are pulled to opposite end of the cell

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8
Q

what happens in telophase

A

membranes re-form around each of the sets of chromosomes and they become the nuclei of the two new cells

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9
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

before telophase ends, cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 separate cells

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10
Q

what are the uses of mitosis

A

it is used by multicellular organisms to grow and replace cells which have been damaged AND by some organisms to reproduce by asexual reproduction

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11
Q

number of cells =

A

2^number of divisions by mitosis

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12
Q

how do animals grow

A

By cell division when animals are young but when they are old, cell division is only used to replace old or damaged cells and cell differentiation is lost early

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13
Q

how do plants grow

A

by cell elongation, but unlike animals, they continue to differentiate

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14
Q

where does cell division take place in plants

A

in the tips of roots and shoots (meristems)

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15
Q

what is a tumour

A

a mass of abnormal cells

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16
Q

what is cancer

A

the result of changes in cells that leads to uncontrolled cell division

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17
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells

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18
Q

what can stem cells do

A

divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells which can then develop in to different types of cells

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19
Q

where are stem cells found

A

in early human embryos or in bone marrow

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20
Q

what are embryonic stem cells used for

A

growth and development of organisms and replace damaged cells

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21
Q

what are stem cells used for in adults

A

they are used to replace damaged cells

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22
Q

how are stem cells used in medicine

A

they are used to cure diseases such as sickle cell anaemia

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23
Q

what are the potential risks of using stem cells in medical treatments

A

tumour development
disease transmission
rejection
ethical issues

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24
Q

what are meristems used for in plants

A

they produce unspecialised cells which can form any cell type in the plant so they go on to form specialised tissues like xylem and phloem

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25
what is a stimuli
changes in the environment
26
what does the CNS consists of
the brain and spinal cord only
27
what are effectors
muscles or glands which respond to nervous impulses and bring about a response to a stimulus
28
how do muscles respond to nervous impulses
by contracting
29
how do glands respond to nervous impulses
by secreting hormones
30
what are the different neurones involved in the transfer of information to and from the CNS
sensory neurones relay neurones motor neurones
31
what are sensory neurones
neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
32
what are relay neurones
neurones that carry electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones
33
what are motor neurones
neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors
34
what is reaction time
the time it takes you to respond to a stimulus
35
transmission of information to and from the CNS summarised flow diagram
1. stimulus 2. receptors 3. sensory neurone 4. relay neurone / CNS 5. motor neurone 6. effector 7. response
36
what is the structure of a neurone
a cell body with a nucleus and the cell body has extensions that connect to other neurones
37
what do dendrons and dendrites do
carry nerve impulses TOWARDS the cell body
38
what do axons do
carry nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body
39
what is a myelin sheath and what does it do
it is a fatty layer that acts as an electrical insulator and speeds up the electrical impulse
40
what is a synapse
the gap between two neurones
41
what is the function of neurotransmitters
the nerve signal is transferred by neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap and then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
42
why do neurones deliver information really quickly
because the signal is transmitted by electrical impulses
43
describe the main stages in a reflex arc
1. when a stimulus is detected, impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone 2. When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and relay neurone, they trigger neurotransmitters to be released. These cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone 3. When the impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone and a motor neurone, the same things happens, Neurotransmitters are released and cause impulses to be sent along the motor neurone 4. The impulses then travel along the motor neurone to the effector 5. If the effector is a muscle, it will respond to the impulse by contracting and if a gland it will secrete a hormone
44
what are the main regions of the brain
cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata
45
what is the function of the cerebrum
it controls movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision
46
what is the function of the cerebellum
it is responsible for muscle coordination and balance
47
what is the function of the medulla oblongata
it controls unconscious activities such as breathing and heart rate
48
what are the different ways to see the brain
CT scanners PET scanners
49
what do CT scanners do
they use X-rays to produce an image of the brain, but you can only see the main structures and not the functions
50
what do PET scanners do
produce images which show which parts of the brain are active and can be used to investigate the structure and function of the brain
51
why is it hard to repair damage to the nervous system
neurones in the CNS don't readily repair themselves AND parts of the nervous system are not easy to access AND it may lead to more damage
52
what is the structure of the eye
cornea lens pupil iris retina cones
53
what does the cornea do
it refracts light into the eye
54
what does the lens do
it refracts light and focuses it onto the retina
55
what does the pupil do
it is the hole in the eye through which light enters
56
what does the iris do
controls the diameter of the pupil
57
what does the retina do
contains two types of receptor cells
58
what do ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do
control the shape of the lens
59
what does the optic nerve do
transmits electrical impulses from the eye to the brain
60
how do you look at near objects
1. the ciliary muscles contract, which slackens the suspensory ligaments 2. the lens becomes a more rounded shape 3. this increases the amount by which it refracts light
61
how do you look at distant objects
1. the ciliary muscles relax, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight 2. this pulls the lens into a less rounded shape 3. so it refracts light by a smaller amount
62
what is long - sightedness
being unable to focus on near objects because the lens is the wrong shape OR doesn't refract the light enough OR the eyeball is too short
63
how to cure long sightedness
you can use glasses or contact lenses with a convex lens so the lens refracts the light rays so they focus on the retina
64
what is short sightedness
being unable to focus on distant objects because the lens is the wrong shape and refracts light too much OR the eyeball is too long
65
how to cure short sightedness
you can use glasses or contact lenses with a concave lens so that the light rays focus on the retina
66
what is colour blindness
when you can't tell the difference between certain colours
67
what causes colour blindness
when the cones in the retina is not working properly
68
what is the cure for colour blindness
there is no cure because cone cells can't be replaced
69
what is a cataract
a cloudy patch on the lens, which stops light from being able to enter the eye normally
70
what happens to your vision if you have a cataract
you will have blurred vision and have difficulty seeing in bright light and may experience colours looking less vivid
71
how to cure a cataract
surgically, by replacing the faulty lens with an artificial lens

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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