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BIOLOGY > Exchange And Transport In Animals - TOPIC 8 > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals - TOPIC 8 Flashcards

Learn about topic 8

1
Q

what is the need to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of cells

A

cells need oxygen for aerobic respiration which produces carbon dioxide as a waste product and so it needs to leave the cell both by DIFFUSION

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2
Q

what is the need to transport urea out of the body

A

urea is a waste product produced by animals and it diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys

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3
Q

volume =

A

length x width x height

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4
Q

area =

A

length x width

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5
Q

why are exchange surfaces needed in multicellular organisms

A

they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume, which makes it difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume across their outside surface alone

they need it for efficient diffusion

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6
Q

why do multicellular organisms need a transport system

A

to move substances between the exchange surface and the rest of the body

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7
Q

what factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

surface area
concentration gradient
diffusion distance

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8
Q

what is the need to transport urea out of the body

A

urea is a waste product produced by animals and it diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys

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9
Q

volume =

A

length x width x height

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10
Q

area =

A

length x width

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11
Q

why are exchange surfaces needed in multicellular organisms

A

they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume, which makes it difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume across their outside surface alone

they need it for efficient diffusion

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12
Q

why do multicellular organisms need a transport system

A

to move substances between the exchange surface and the rest of the body

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13
Q

how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

the more surface area there is available for molecules to move across, the faster they can get from one side to the other

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14
Q

how does concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion

A

substances diffuse faster if there is a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusing from and the area they are diffusing to

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15
Q

how does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion

A

substances diffuse more quickly when they have not as far to move, so the thinner the exchange surface the shorter the distance substance have to diffuse across it so thew faster the rate of diffusion

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16
Q

what is ficks law

A

rate of diffusion is proportional to :

SA x concentration difference / thickness of membrane

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17
Q

according to Fick’s law, what will happen to the rate of diffusion if the SA doubles

A

rate of diffusion will double

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18
Q

according to Fick’s law, what will happen to the rate of diffusion if the thickness of the membrane halves

A

rate of diffusion will double

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19
Q

what are the adaptations of alveoli which maximise the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

they have an enormous SA

A moist lining for dissolving gases

very thin walls

a good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

what is blood made up of

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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21
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

to transport oxygen around the body

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22
Q

what are the adaptations of red blood cells

A

they have a bioconcave disc shape to give them a large SA for absorbing oxygen

they contain haemoglobin which carries the oxygen

they don’t have a nucleus which allows more room for haemoglobin which means they can carry more oxygen

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23
Q

what is the function of white blood cells

A

they help to defend against microorganism s that cause disease

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24
Q

what are phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell which changes shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms

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25
what are lymphocytes
a group of white blood cells that have different functions depending on their type e.g. B lymphocytes produce antibodies against microorganisms
26
what do platelets do
they help the blood to clot at a wound and stops microorganisms from getting in at the wound
27
what does plasma carry
RBC and WBC and platelets glucose amino acids carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs urea from the liver to the kidney hormones proteins antibodies and antitoxins
28
what does plasma do
it carries just about everything in the blood
29
what are the three blood vessels
arteries capillaries veins
30
what do the arteries do
they carry blood away from the heart, towards the organs
31
how is the structure of the arteries related to its function
artery walls are strong and elastic as the heart pumps blood at high pressure they contain thick layers of muscles to make them strong they have elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back the walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen
32
what do the capillaries do
they carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them and supply food and oxygen to the cells while taking away waste products like CO2
33
how is the structure of the capillaries related to its function
they have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out walls are one cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion they are very narrow so they can squeeze into gaps between cells small lumen
34
what do the veins do
they carry blood to the heart
35
how is the structure of veins related to its function
large lumen to help the blood flow they have valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction to prevent backflow
36
what are the four chambers of the heart
the right and left atrium the right and left ventricle
37
what are the major blood vessels leading into and out of the chambers of the heart
vena carva pulmonary artery aorta pulmonary vein
38
where does deoxygenated blood flow
through the right side of the heart to the lungs
39
where does oxygenated blood flow
through the left side of the heart to the rest of the body
40
how does blood flow through the heart
1. The right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava. 2. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein 3. The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles 4. The ventricles contract 5. Deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. 6. The oxygenated blood moves from the left ventricle to the whole body via the aorta
41
how is the thickness of the atria walls in the heart related to its function
both atria walls are relatively thin as they only need to pump blood a short distance to the ventricles
42
how is the thickness of the ventricles' chamber walls in the heart related to its function
ventricles have to pump blood further so their chamber walls are thicker. The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricles as the left ventricle needs more muscle to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure
43
cardiac output =
heart rate x stroke volume
44
what is heart rate
the number of beats per minute
45
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts
46
what is cellular respiration
an exothermic reaction, which releases energy for metabolic processes, and occurs continuously in every cell of living organisms
47
what is aerobic respiration
respiration using oxygen
48
where does aerobic respiration take place
inside mitochondria
49
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
50
what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
51
when do you anaerobically respirate
when your body cannot supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration
52
what is the work equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose ------> lactic acid
53
how do you measure the rate of respiration (CORE PRACTICAL)
1. Take two test tubes, each containing soda lime granules covered by a wall of wool 2. Place woodlice on top of the cotton wool in one tube. Add glass beads with the same mass as the woodlice to the control tube 3. Set up the respirometer, with the water bath set to 15 degrees celsius 4. Leave the apparatus for 5 minutes 5. Use the syringe to set the fluid in the manometer to a known level 6. Leave the apparatus for a set period of time 7. In this time, there will be a decrease in the volume of air in the test tube with woodlice as they use up oxygen as they respire 8. The liquid in the manometer moves towards the test tube with woodlice due to the decrease in pressure 9. The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured and is used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the woodlice per unit of time 10. Repeat all steps with the water bath set at different temperatures
54
how do you get cramps
during vigorous exercise, lactic acid builds up in the muscles which gets painful and leads to cramps
55
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants
glucose -----> ethanol + carbon dioxide
56
how much energy is transferred in aerobic respiration
a large amount
57
how much energy is transferred in anaerobic respiration
a small amount
58
how do you measure the rate of respiration
1. Take two test tubes, each containing soda lime granules covered by a wall of wool 2. Place woodlice on top of the cotton wool in one tube. Add glass beads with the same mass as the woodlice to the control tube 3. Set up the respirometer, with the water bath set to 15 degrees celsius 4. Leave the apparatus for 5 minutes 5. Use the syringe to set the fluid in the manometer to a known level 6. Leave the apparatus for a set period of time 7. In this time, there will be a decrease in the volume of air in the test tube with woodlice as they use up oxygen as they respire 8. The liquid in the manometer moves towards the test tube with woodlice due to the decrease in pressure 9. The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured and is used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the woodlice per unit of time
59
why is soda lime used when measuring the rate of respiration
the soda lime absorbs the cotton dioxide produced by the respiring woodlice
60
why is the cotton wool used when measuring the rate of respiration
the cotton wool stops both you and the woodlice coming into contact with the soda lime
61
what are the ethical issues from using live organisms to measure the rate of respiration
you cannot leave the organisms in the respirometer for too long the organisms should be kept away from the soda lime

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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