Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines - TOPIC 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what is health
A
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2
Q
what is a communicable disease
A
diseases which can spread between individuals and are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
3
Q
what is a non-communicable disease
A
diseases that cant spread between individuals
4
Q
why does the presence of one disease make you more susceptible to others
A
your body will have a weakened immune system so will be less able to fight of other pathogens
5
Q
what is a pathogen
A
organisms which cause diseases
6
Q
what are some examples of pathogens
A
bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi
7
Q
how are pathogens spread
A
drinking dirty water breathed in oral transmission bodily fluids animals vectors
8
Q
what are the symptoms of tuberculosis
A
coughing and lung damage
9
Q
how is tuberculosis spread
A
through the air when infected individuals cough and sneeze
10
Q
how to reduce the spread of tuberculosis
A
infected individuals should avoid crowded places
sneeze and cough into a tissue and then bin it
a well ventilated home
regularly wash hands with soap
11
Q
what are the symptoms of cholera
A
diarrhoea, severe dehydration, death
12
Q
how is cholera spread
A
contaminated water
13
Q
how to reduce the spread of cholera
A
making sure people have access to clean water supplies
14
Q
what are the symptoms of stomach ulcers
A
stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
15
Q
how are stomach ulcers spread
A
oral transmission
16
Q
how to reduce the spread of stomach ulcers
A
having clean water supplies and making sure living conditions are hygienic
17
Q
what are the symptoms of ebola
A
haemorrhagic fever
18
Q
how is ebola spread
A
coming into contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual
19
Q
how to reduce the spread of ebola
A
isolating infected individuals and sterilising any areas where the virus may be present
20
Q
examples of bacterial diseases
A
tuberculosis
cholera
stomach ulcers
21
Q
what are some examples of viral diseases
A
HIV
ebola
22
Q
what are the symptoms of chalara ash dieback
A
loss of leaves and bark lesions which can lead to the death of the tree
23
Q
how is chalara ash dieback spread
A
through the air by the wind and when ash trees already infected are moved between different areas
24
Q
how to reduce the spread of chalara ash dieback
A
removing young, infected trees and replanting with a different species AND by placign restrictions on the import and movement of ash trees
25
what are the symptoms of malaria
repeating episodes of fever
| damage to red blood cells and sometimes the liver
26
how is malaria spread
through mosquitoes
27
how to reduce the spread of malaria
stopping the mosquitoes from breeding
spraying exposed skin with insect repellent
sleeping under a mosquito net
28
what are some examples of STI's
chlamydia
| HIV
29
what are the symptoms of chlamydia
it doesn't usually cause symptoms but it can result in infertility in men and women
30
how is chlamydia spread
from an infected woman to her child during childbirth AND
| through sexual contact
31
how to reduce the spread of chlamydia
wearing a condom during sex
| avoiding sexual contact
32
what does HIV do
it attacks white blood cells
33
what are the symptoms of HIV
some people experience flu like symptoms and some people don't experience any symptoms
34
how does HIV lead to AIDS
when HIV destroys enough white blood cells
35
what is AIDS
when the infected person's immune system deteriorates and eventually fails
36
how is HIV spread
exchange of bodily fluids through sexual intercourse and sharing needles
37
how to reduce the spread of HIV
wearing a condom during sex
not sharing needles
medication
38
what are the 2 pathways viruses can reproduce through
the lytic pathway AND the lysogenic pathway
39
what happens in the lytic pathway
1. the virus attaches itself to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
2. The virus then uses proteins and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce the components of new viruses
3. Once all viral components are produced, they assemble and form new viruses
4. The host cell splits open, releasing the new viruses. These new viruses go on to infect more cells
40
what happens in the lysogenic pathway
1. the virus attaches itself to a specific host cell and injects its genetic material into the cell
2. The genetic material injected by the virus is incorporated into the genome of the host cell
3. The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA every time the host cell divides. At this point, the virus is dormant and no new viruses are made
4. Eventually a trigger causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway
41
how do plants defend themselves against pests and pathogens
waxy cuticle
cell wall
producing chemicals
producing poisons
42
how can plant diseases be detected
by observation
by changing environmental conditions
observing changes in plant's symptoms
analyse distribution of diseased plants
43
what are the physical barriers of the body
the skin
hairs and mucus
cilia
44
how does skin protect the body from pathogens
if it gets damaged, blood clots quickly seal any cuts to keep microorganisms out
45
how do hairs and mucus protect the body from pathogens
they trap particles which could contain pathogens
46
how does cilia protect the body from pathogens
it wafts the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
47
what are the chemical barriers of the body
HCL
enzymes called lysozymes
48
how does HCL protect the body from pathogens
it kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth
49
how do lysozymes protect the body from pathogens
lysozymes are secreted from the body and kill bacteria
50
what happens if pathogens make it into your body
your immune system kicks in to destroy them
51
what can white blood cells do when they come across an invading pathogen
they can engulf them OR they can produce antibodies
52
what is phagocytosis
when white blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them
53
what are B lymphocytes
a type of white blood cells involved in the specific immune response
54
what are antigens
unique molecules on the surface of every invading pathogen
55
what happens when B lymphocytes come across an antigen on a pathogen
they start to produce antibodies which bind to invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other WBC's
56
why is the response of the immune system slow when a pathogen enters the body for the first time
there aren't many B lymphocytes that can make the antibody
57
what are memory lymphocytes
special white blood cells which remain in the body a long time and remember a specific antigen
58
why is the secondary immune response faster and stronger than the first
memory lymphocytes rapidly mass produce antibodies to help destroy the pathogen quickly
59
what is immunisation
injecting a vaccine into the body which contains small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens
60
what are the pros of immunisation
it has helped control lots of infectious diseases that were once common
herd immunity and prevent epidemics
61
what are the cons of immunisation
vaccines don't always work
| you can sometimes has a bad reaction to a vaccine
62
how do you produce monoclonal antibodies
inject a mouse with a chosen antigen and the mouse then produces B lymphocytes which are then fused with a myeloma cell. This makes a hybridoma which divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the monoclonal antibodies
63
why are tumour cells used in the production of monoclonal antibodies
they divide lots whereas lymphocytes don't divide easily
64
why are monoclonal antibodies useful
the will only bind to the molecule you want
65
what are monoclonal antibodies used for
pregnancy tests
| diagnosing and treating cancer
66
what happens on the pregnancy stick if you are not pregnant
the urine moves up the stick carrying the blue beads, but because the hormone HCG isn't present there is nothing to stick the blue beads to the test strip so it does not go blue
67
how are monoclonal antibodies used in the diagnosis of cancer
the antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element which is given to a patient and goes into their blood AND when they come into contact with cancer cells they bind to the tumour markers. A picture of the body is taken and the radioactive marker comes up
68
how are monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of cancer
they are attached to anti cancer drugs and then the antibodies are given to the patient through a drip and they target the cancer cells
69
why is treating cancer with monoclonal antibodies better than other cancer treatments
other treatments can affect normal body cells as well as killing cancer cells
70
what are the stages of developing new medicine
Discovery
preclinical testing on human cells and tissues
preclinical testing on live animals
clinical testing on human volunteers
71
why do we need to test new drugs on animals
to test if the drug works, to find out about its toxicity and to find the best dosage
72
why do we need to test new drugs on healthy volunteers
to make sure it doesn't have any harmful effects when the body is working properly
73
what is the point of a placebo
it is so the doctor can see the actual difference the drug makes
74
what is a blind trial
when only the doctor know if the patient is getting the drug or placebo
75
what is a double blind trial
when neither the doctor or patient knows whether the patient is getting the placebo or drug
76
what are antibiotics
drugs used to treat bacterial infections
77
how do antibiotics work
They work by inhibiting processes in bacterial cells but not in the host organism
78
why do antibiotics not destroy viruses such as the flu
viruses are not cells so they do not contain a cell wall or any of the machinery needed for growth and reproduction
79
in school labs why are cultures of microorganisms not kept above 25 degrees
because harmful pathogens are more likely to grow above this temperature
80
how do you make an agar plate
hot agar jelly is poured into a petri dish and when the jelly is cooled and set, a sterile inoculating loop is used to transfer microorganisms to the agar jelly
81
how do you investigate the effect of substances on bacterial growth
1. place paper discs soaked in different types of antibiotics on an agar plate with bacteria
2. antibiotic should diffuse into the agar jelly and a clear area will be left where bacteria have died (inhibition zone)
3. soak another paper disc in sterile water to use as your control
4. leave the plate for 48 hours at 25 degrees
5. the more effective the bacteria, the larger the inhibition zone
82
what aseptic techniques are used in culturing microorganisms in the laboratory
petri dishes and growth medium must be sterilised by placing in an autoclave
inoculating loop should be sterilising by passing through a hot flame
liquid bacterial cultures should be kept in a culture vial with a lid
lid of culture vial should only be removed briefly when transferring bacteria
after transferring bacteria, lid of petri dish should be lightly taped on
petri dish should be stored upside down
83
how do you calculate the zone of inhibition
pi X radius ^2
84
what is the risk factor for cardiovascular disease
smoking
85
why is smoking a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
it increases risk of blood clots in arteries AND nicotine increases heart rate which increases blood pressure
86
what is the risk factor for liver diseases
alcohol
87
why is alcohol a risk factor for liver diseases
enzymes in liver break down alcohol but the breakdown products can damage liver cells
88
what happens if you have low levels of physical activity
you are more likely to get over weight and obese and develop high BP and cardiovascular diseases
89
what is the impact of non communicable diseases nationally
people suffering from them may not be able to work which can affect a country's economy AND it uses up the country's resources
90
what is the impact of non communicable diseases globally
they are very costly and common and so they can hold back the development of a country, so they have an effect globally
91
BMI =
Mass / (height)^2
92
how does your diet affect obesity
if you eat a high fat, high sugar diet and don't do enough exercise you will have excess energy stored as fat which leads to obesity
93
why is BMI not an accurate measure of obesity
athletes have lots of muscle, which has a higher mass than fat so they will come out with a higher BMI even though they are not overweight
94
waist-to-hip ratio =
waist circumference / hip circumference
95
what are the treatments for cardiovascular disease
lifestyle changes
life-long medication
surgical procedures
96
what are the positives of lifestyle changes as a treatment for CVD
it doesn't have any downsides
97
what are the negatives of lifestyle changes as a treatment for CVD
it is not always enough
98
what are the life long medications used as treatment for CVD
statins
antihypertensives
anticoagulants
99
what are the positives of STATINS as a treatment for CVD
reduces amount of bad cholestrol in blood
reduces risk of strokes and heart attacks
100
what are the negatives of STATINS as a treatment for CVD
risk of forgetting to take them
headaches
serious side effects
effect is not instant
101
what are the positives of antihypertensives as treatment for CVD
reduces BP
102
what are the negatives of antihypertensives as treatment for CVD
headaches
dizziness
103
what are the positives of anticoagulants as treatment for CVD
reduces risk of blood clots causing problems like heart attacks and strokes
104
what are the negatives of anticoagulants as treatment for CVD
heavy bleeding if injured
increases risk of internal bleeding
105
what are stents
wire mesh tubes inserted inside arteries to widen them and keep them open
106
positives of using stents for CVD
makes sure blood can pass through to heart muscles
quick recovery rime
effective for long time
107
negatives of using stents for CVD
risk of blood clot near stent
risk of complications during surgery
108
positives of coronary bypass surgery
lower chance of surgery being needed again
109
negatives of coronary bypass surgery
longer surgery
greater risk of complications than stents
longer recovery time
