The Nervous System (Anatomy)

Question 1

what is the function of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobe?

Answer 1

p 25

Question 2

what is the function of the motor cortex, premotor cortex, brocas area, somesthetic cortex, visual area, auditory area, wernicke’s area, short term memory area, pre-frontal area?

Answer 2

p 25/26

Question 3

what is the role of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus?

Answer 3

p 26

Question 4

brain stem - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

Answer 4

p 27

Question 5

pons - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

Answer 5

p 27

Question 6

medulla oblongata - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

Answer 6

p 27

Question 7

reticular formation - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

Answer 7

p 27

Question 8

cerebellum - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

Answer 8

p 27

Question 9

spinal cord - structures and functions (grey vs white mater)

Answer 9

p 28

Question 10

difference btw peripheral nerves and nerve roots

Answer 10

p 28/29

Question 11

describe the NS blood supply

Answer 11

p 28

Question 12

describe the NS CSF

Answer 12

p 29

Question 13

describe pia vs arachnoid vs dura mater (thickness, vascularization, etc) and also subarachnoid space and epidural space

Answer 13

p 30/31

Question 14

describe the different types of nerve connective tissue

Answer 14

p 31/32

Question 15

where is conduction vs nutrients transferred in the nerve?

Answer 15

p 32

Question 16

describe the process of axoplasmic flow

Answer 16

p 33

Question 17

describe the process of neurotransmitter replacement (is trophic or neurotransmitter malnourisment first to be noticable?)

Answer 17

p 33

Question 18

what is interruption of axoplasmic flow (describe double crush syndrome, common sites of compression, what impairs first protein flow or electrical conduction)

Answer 18

p 34

Question 19

describe non-myelinated nerve conduction vs myelinated

Answer 19

p 34-36

Question 20

what does conduction velocity depend on?

Answer 20

p 37

Question 21

what are the types of nerve conduction?

Answer 21

p 37

Question 22

Describe electrical vs chemical synapses

Answer 22

P 38/39

Question 23

What are the 4 categories that house 30 types of neurotransmitters ?

Answer 23

Acetylcholine
Amines
Amino acids
Peptides

Question 24

Describe the excitatory vs inhibitory effect of neurotransmitters. It depends on what factors?

Answer 24

P 39

Question 25

Describe the types of neurotransmitters and their location and function

Answer 25

P 40

Question 26

Describe neurotransmitter release

Answer 26

P 40

Question 27

Describe neurotransmitter synthesis

Answer 27

P 41

Question 28

Describe what happens at the post-synaptic neuron

Answer 28

P 41

Question 29

Describe the processes: pre-synaptic inhibition, summation, neuronal facilitation, and synaptic fatigue

Answer 29

P 41-43

Question 30

What are exteroreceptors vs enteroreceptors?

Answer 30

P 44

Question 31

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

Answer 31

``` Mehano Thermo Chemo Electromagnetic Noci ```

Question 32

How does a mehano thermo and electromagnetic receptor respond to stimuli?

Answer 32

P 44

Question 33

Describe what differential sensitivity means

Answer 33

P 44-45

Question 34

Describe thermal perception and types of receptors

Answer 34

P 45

Question 35

Describe spatial summation in terms of thermoreceptors

Answer 35

P 46

Question 36

Describe the neural pathways for thermoreceptors

Answer 36

P 46

Question 37

Where are mechanoreceptors located? From what location is proprioception received when the body segment is at end range vs mid range of motion?

Answer 37

P 46/47

Question 38

Classification of mexhanoreceptor table

Answer 38

P 47

Question 39

Erlanger and gasser vs Lloyd classification of mechanoreceptors

Answer 39

P 48

Question 40

Wyke’s classification of articulation receptors

Answer 40

P 49

Question 41

Describe the 2 main mechanisms for receptor adaptation and also how long it takes certain receptors to adapt

Answer 41

P 50

Question 42

Describe the transmission pathways for the different mechanoreceptors

Answer 42

P 51/52

Question 43

What is the thalamus role in mechanoreception?

Answer 43

P 52

Question 44

What is the cortex role in mechanoreception? Cotricofugal pahway

Answer 44

P 53

Question 45

Pain can result from either what or what?

Answer 45

P 54/55

Question 46

Read over nociceptors and type of nociceptors section. What does nonadapting mean?

Answer 46

P 55

Question 47

Chemical pain - describe the release process, primary and secondary hyperalgesia and tissue ischemia

Answer 47

Of 56/57

Question 48

Describe mechanical vs thermal pain stimuli

Answer 48

P 57

Question 49

Describe the fast and slow types of pain signal transmission

Answer 49

P 57/58

Question 50

Describe the laminar pathways for pain transmission (1-6)

Answer 50

P 58/59

Question 51

what is the difference between the lateral spinothalamic tract and spinoreticulothalamic tract (for pain transmission)?

Answer 51

p 59

Question 52

50-90% of all pain fibres terminate where?

Answer 52

reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon

Question 53

what is the significance of the reticular formation in terms of pain?

Answer 53

p 59/60

Question 54

what do each of the following areas do in terms of pain reception? - ipsilateral cortex - frontal lobe - temporal lobe - hypothalamus

Answer 54

p 60

Question 55

describe some of the different mechanisms of peripheral nerve irritation

Answer 55

p 60/61

Question 56

what is the general pattern of peripheral neurogenic pain?

Answer 56

p 61

Question 57

Nerve root compression - how does pain arise? how does radicular pain present?

Answer 57

p 62

Question 58

describe peripheral pain modulation

Answer 58

p 62

Question 59

describe spinal pain modulation (with respect to lamina and the substantia gelatinosa)

Answer 59

p 62

Question 60

describe the gate control theory of pain modulation

Answer 60

p 63/64

Question 61

describe centrally evoked symptoms (ie not arising from peripheral input)

Answer 61

p 64

Question 62

describe descending control via the periaqueductal grey area (types of endorphins released and how/where they exert their effects)

Answer 62

p 64/65

Question 63

describe cognitive influences on pain (depression and anxiety, respiratory patterns - chronic hyperventilation/apical breathing pattern)

Answer 63

p 66/67

Question 64

describe referred pain convergence (segmental vs central, visceral referred vs somatic referred)

Answer 64

p 67

Question 65

describe visceral pain in terms of receptor type, what causes it, and locations

Answer 65

p 68

Question 66

what are the referral pain patterns for heart, esophagus, GI, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, uterus

Answer 66

p 68