Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulate axon A before 1st EPSP dies down, so 2nd synaptic potential adds to the 1st

A

Temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stimulate axon A & B resulting in input from 2 different neurons

A

Spatial summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PNS at neuromuscular junction and in the brain

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Synthesized from amino acids
  • Catecholamines
    * Dopamine, Epinephrine
    * From tyrosine
    * Catechol ring & amine group
    * Brainstem & hypothalamus
  • Serotonin
    * Every structure in CNS
    * From tryptophan
    * Slow onset
    * Inhibitory on sensations
    * Excitatory on muscles
A

Biogenic Amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Prevalent in CNS
  • Glutamate - excitatory
  • GABA - inhibitory in brain
  • Glycine - inhibitory in spinal cord and brainstem
A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • 2+ amino acids

- Can affect neurons at a distance

A

Neuropeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • Nitric oxide
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Do not bind
A

Gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Neuromodulators
  • ATP
  • Adenosines
A

Purines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Modify postsynaptic cell’s response to specific neurotransmitters
  • Associated with slower events - learning, development, motivational states
A

Neuromodulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mechanism of Synaptic Release

A

1 - AP reaches terminal
2 - Ca2+ channels open
3 - Calcium enters axon terminal
4 - Neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into cleft
5 - Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors
6 - Neurotransmitter removed from synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Generate EPSP
  • Bring membrane closer to threshold
  • Open channels permeable to Na+ and K+
  • Na+ drove into cell
  • Small number of K+ removed, large number of Na+ brought in
  • Net movement of positive ions result in depolarisation
A

Excitatory chemical synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Generate IPSP
  • Make cell membrane potential more negative
  • Activated receptors open Cl- or K+ channels
  • Cl- equilibrium is more negative than resting membrane potential = hyperpolarisation
  • Increased K+ permeability decreases resting membrane potential
A

Inhibitory chemical synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • Stimulus will not produce 2nd AP
  • When Na+ channels are open or in inactivated states
  • Repolarisation must occur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • A 2nd AP can be produced
  • 1 to 15 msec
  • Period after hyperpolarisation
  • Some Na+ channels are in resting state and some K+ channels open
  • Stimulus is large in magnitude
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Role of refractory periods

A
  • Limit the number of APs
  • Contribute to separation of APs
  • Help determine direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Saltory Conduction

A
  • On myelinated axons, APs occur only at nodes of Ranvier
  • Faster because less charge leaks out
  • Metabolically more efficient, the membrane needs to pump fewer ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Responds as a single unit
  • Fight or flight
  • Thoracic and lumbar regions
  • Ganglia close to spinal cord
A

Sympathetic nervous system

18
Q
  • Activates specific organs
  • Rest or digest
  • Brainstem and sacral region
  • Ganglia within or around organs
A

Parasympathetic nervous system

19
Q

Tail bone

A

Coccygeal

20
Q
  • Genitals

- Lower digestive tract

A

Sacral

21
Q
  • Lower abdomen
  • Hips
  • Legs
A

Lumbar

22
Q
  • Chest

- Upper abdomen

A

Thoracic

23
Q
  • Control muscles and glands
  • Shoulders
  • Neck
  • Arms
  • Hands
A

Cervical

24
Q

Resting membrane potential depends on:

A
  • Differences in specific ion concentrations

- Differences in membrane permeability

25
Q

Action potential mechanism

A

1 - Resting membrane potential close to K+ equilibrium
2 - Stimulus binds to specific ion channel, allowing Na+ to enter
3 - Na+ channels stimulated to open by depolarisation
4 - Na+ channels become inactivated & K+ channels open with a delayed effect halting depolarisation
5 - K+ fluxes out of cell rapidly, repolarising membrane
6 - Resting membrane potential closes Na+ channels, but K+ results in hyperpolarisation
7 - K+ channels close, resting membrane potential returns

26
Q
  • Interneurons
  • Cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons
  • Entering axons of afferent neurons
  • Glial cells
A

Grey matter of spinal cord

27
Q

Afferent neurons enter spinal cord via …

A

Dorsal roots

28
Q

Efferent neurons enter spinal cord via …

A

Ventral roots

29
Q
  • Surround soma, axon and dendrites

- Physical and metabolic support

A

Glial cells

30
Q

Regulate extracellular fluid by removing K+ and nuerotransmitters

A

Astrocyte

31
Q

Specialised macrophage-like cells

A

Microgial

32
Q

Ependymal

A

Regulate flow of cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

Convey information within CNS

A

Interneurons

34
Q

Convey information away from the CNS to effector cells

A

Efferent neurons

35
Q

Convey information from tissues/organs towards the CNS

A

Afferent neurons

36
Q

Nerve

A

Group of axons in PNS

37
Q

Tract

A

Group of axons in CNS

38
Q

Links right and left in CNS

A

Commissure

39
Q

Cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the PNS

A

Ganglia

40
Q

Cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the CNS

A

Nuclei

41
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin in the CNS

Human Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions