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Units 3 & 4 Human Biology ATAR > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

name the three protections of the nervous system

A
  • bone (cranium)
  • meningeal layers –> DURA, ARACHNOID, PIA
  • cerebrospinal fluid
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2
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced, where does it go, and what does it do?

A
  • it is formed in the blood

- it circulates in the brain, providing nutrients (glucose, protein, urea, salts)

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3
Q

where is the cerebrum located?

A

it is the outer section of the brain, the largest part

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4
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

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5
Q

why is the cerebrum folded?

A

to increase surface area

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6
Q

what is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?

A

a fissure is a deep down fold that occurs in the brain whereas a sulcus is a small, shallow down fold

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7
Q

what are the three areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

sensory –> interpret impulses from receptors
motor –> control muscular movements
association areas –> intellectual and emotional processes

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8
Q

what is the corpus callosum and where is it located?

A

the corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibres that is located underneath the cerebrum at the base of the longitudinal fissure. It connects the right hemisphere of the brain to the left.

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9
Q

what are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility

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10
Q

what is the main characteristic of the left side of the brain?

A

language ability

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11
Q

what is the main characteristic of the right side of the brain?

A

music and artistic ability

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12
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

it is located underneath the rear part of the cerebrum

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13
Q

where is grey and white matter located in the cerebellum?

A 
outer = grey matter
inner = white matter
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14
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

posture, balance, coordination of voluntary muscle movement

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15
Q

where does the cerebellum receive information from?

A

inner ear and receptors in skeletal muscles

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16
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

middle of the brain

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17
Q

what is the hypothalamus concerned with?

A

homoeostasis

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18
Q

what types of functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

autonomic nervous system: regulation of HR, BP, digestive juices, pupil diameter
body temperature, food and water intake, sleep and wake patterns, contractions of urinary bladder, emotional responses, secretion of hormones

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19
Q

where is the medulla oblongata located?

A

it is a continuation of the spinal cord, so it located at the base of the neck

20
Q

which centres does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

cardiac centre: rate and force of heart beat
respiratory centre: rate and depth of breathing
vasometer centre: diameter of blood vessels
involuntary centres: swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

21
Q

what is the central canal?

A

runs the length of the spinal cord, located in the centre of the spinal cord

22
Q

what is the difference between ascending and descending tracts?

A

ascending tracts: sensory axons that carry impulses upwards

descending tracts: motor axons that conduct impulses downwards

23
Q

what is the difference between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system?

A

CNS: consists of brain and spinal cord
PNS: connects CNS with muscles, receptors and glands

24
Q

in which direction do dendrites carry nerve impulses

A

towards the cell body

25
Q

in which direction do axons carry nerve impulses

A

away from cell body

26
Q

what is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres?

A

myelinated: contain myelinated fibres, are white in colour
unmyelinated: do not contain myelinated fibres, grey in colour

27
Q

what are Schwann cells?

A

cells that wrap around a nerve fibre and produce the fatty myelin sheath

28
Q

what are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that enable the transmission of impulses to occur at a fast rate

29
Q

what is the role of neurilemma?

A

it is a sheath that surrounds a nerve fibre to help prepare injured fibres

30
Q

what are the three functional types of nerve cells?

A

receptor, motor and inter

31
Q

what is the function of receptor neurons?

A

messages are carried from receptors in sense organs to CNS, sensory neurons

32
Q

what is the function of effector neurons?

A

carry messages from CNS to muscles and glands, motor neurons

33
Q

what is the function of interneurons?

A

link between sensory and motor neurons, relay neurons

34
Q

what are the three structural types of neurons?

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

35
Q

what are the characteristics of multipolar neurons?

A

one axon, multiple dendrites, includes interneurons and motor neurons

36
Q

what are the characteristics of bipolar neurons?

A

one axon, one dendrite, found in the nose, ear, eye

37
Q

what are the characteristics of unipolar neurons?

A

single axon, cell body located on one side, carry messages to spinal cord

38
Q

what is a synapse?

A

junction between branches of adjacent neurons

39
Q

what is the definition of a nerve impulse?

A

eletrical message that travels along a nerve fibre

40
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what are their functions?

A

Afferent: carry information into the CNS
Efferent: carry information away from the CNS

41
Q

what are the two divisions of the afferent nervous system and what are their functions?

A

somatic sensory neurons: skin and muscle

visceral sensory neurons: internal organs

42
Q

what are the two divisions of the efferent nervous system and what are their roles?

A

somatic division: carry messages to skeletal muscles

autonomoic division: carry messages to involuntary muscles and glands and heart muscle

43
Q

what are the two divisions of teh autononic division and what are their roles?

A

sympathetic division: fight or flight response

parasympathetic division: rest and digest

44
Q

what are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine

45
Q

how are nerve impulses transmitted across a synapse?

A

vesicular transport from the nerve ending across the synapse to another nerve

Units 3 & 4 Human Biology ATAR (7 decks)

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