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Units 3 & 4 Human Biology ATAR > Immunity (chapters 10-11) > Flashcards

Immunity (chapters 10-11) Flashcards

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1
Q

infectious disease

A

A disease passed from one person to another by infection with microorganisms; also called an infectious or transmissible disease

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2
Q

contagious

A

A disease passed on by direct contact

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3
Q

pathogen

A

A disease-causing organism; also referred to as a pathogenic organism

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4
Q

vector

A

An agent such as an insect capable of transferring a disease-causing organism from one person to another

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5
Q

bacteria

A

Microscopic living organisms that cause disease; classified according to shape

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6
Q

cocci

A

Spherical cells that may occur singly, in pairs, in clusters or in chains

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7
Q

bacilli

A

Have flagella (for movement); are rod-shaped cells

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8
Q

spirilla

A

Have twisted cells

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9
Q

vibro

A

Are like curved rods (often shaped like a comma)

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10
Q

virus

A

An infectious agent, too small to be seen with a light microscope, consisting of a protein sheath surrounding a core of nucleic acid; viruses are totally dependent on living cells for reproduction

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11
Q

bacteriophages

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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12
Q

antibody

A

A substance produced in response to a specific antigen; combines with the antigen to neutralize or destroy it

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13
Q

antigen

A

Any substance capable of causing formation of antibodies when introduced into tissue

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14
Q

antigen-antibody complex

A

A compound formed when an antibody combines with an antigen

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15
Q

self-antigen

A

Any large molecule produced in a person’s own body; does not cause an immune response in that person

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16
Q

phagocytes

A

Cells that are able to engulf microorganisms and cell debris

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17
Q

macrophages

A

A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte (a type of WBC)

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18
Q

leucocytes

A

A white blood cell

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19
Q

inflammation

A

The response to danger to a tissue; involves swelling, heat, pain and redness in the affected area

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20
Q

histamine

A

A substance released in response to injury to cells; it results in an increase in blood flow

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21
Q

herapin

A

A substance that helps to prevent blood clotting

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22
Q

lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels that drain excess fluid from the tissues

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23
Q

humoural/antibody-mediated immunity

A

A response triggered by foreign substances or microorganisms entering the body

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24
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

The part of the immune response in which T-cells attach to antigens to destroy them; also called cellular immunity

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25
Q

B-cells

A

Produced in bone marrow, matures in bone marrow; a type of lymphocyte that develops into either a plasma cells that produces antibodies or into a memory cell

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26
Q

T-cells

A

Produced in bone marrow, matures in the thymus; a lymphocyte that can differentiate into a number of different kinds of cells, all of which are involved in cell-mediated immunity

27
Q

killer T-cells

A

A type of T-lymphocyte able to kill cells that are damaged or infected with viruses or bacteria

28
Q

Helper T-cells

A

Helper T-cells A type of T-cell that, among other things, enhances antibody production by B-cells

29
Q

plasma cells

A

A cell that develops from a B-cell and produces antibodies

30
Q

memory cells

A

A type of cell that recognizes an antigen to which the body has been previously exposed

31
Q

primary response

A

The response of the immune system to the first expose to an antigen

32
Q

secondary response

A

The response to a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen; does not cause an immune response in that person

33
Q

agglutination

A

The clumping together of microorganisms or blood cells

34
Q

natural immunity

A

Immunity that occurs without any human intervention

35
Q

artificial immunity

A

Immunity produced by giving a person an antigen, which triggers the immune response, or by giving a person antibodies to an infecting agent

36
Q

passive immunity

A

Immunity that is produced by the introduction of antibodies from another person

37
Q

active immunity

A

Immunity produced by the body manufacturing antibodies against a foreign antigen

38
Q

immunisation

A

Programming the immune system so that the body can respond rapidly to infecting microorganisms

39
Q

narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

An antibiotic that only affects a particular type of bacteria

40
Q

broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

An antibiotic that affects many types of bacteria

41
Q

bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

A drug used to treat bacterial infections; it does not kill the bacteria but stops them reproducing

42
Q

bacteriacidal antibiotics

A

A drug used to treat bacterial infections by killing the bacteria

43
Q

antiviral

A

A drug used for the treatment of viral infections

44
Q

name the 8 non-specific external defences

A

skin, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia, acids, lysozyme, cerumen, flushing action

45
Q

skin

A

covers outside of body and prevents microorganisms fro entering (openings protected by other defences), large amounts of bacteria live on the skin, which makes it difficult for pathogens to become established

46
Q

mucous membranes

A

line body cavities that open to the exterior, inhibits the entry of microorgansism

47
Q

hairs

A

nose and ear cavities

48
Q

cilia

A

tiny hair-like projections from cells, capable of a beating motion to move mucous to the throat

49
Q

acids

A

stomach juices are highly acidic to kill bacteria

50
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that kills bacteria, found in the eyes, saliva, sweat, secretions of the nose, tissue fluid

51
Q

cerumen

A

ear wax, protects outer ear from infection by some bacteria, slightly acidic + contains lysozyme

52
Q

flushing action

A

keeps areas relatively free of pathogens, urine = cleansing action

53
Q

what are the 4 non specific internal responses?

A

phagocytes, inflammation, fever, lymphatic system

54
Q

phagocytes

A

phagocytes: cells that can engulf and digest microorgansims and cell debris

55
Q

what are the three purposes of inflammation?

A
  • reduce the spread of pathogens, destroy pathogens, prevent the entry of additional pathogens
  • remove damaged tissue and cell debris
  • being repair of damaged tissue
56
Q

what are the four signs of inflammation? Account for them?

A
  • redness –> increased flow of blood due to histamine
  • swelling –> escape of fluid from blood
  • heat –> increased blood flow due to histamine
  • pain –> stimulation of pain receptors
57
Q

what is the process of inflammation?

A
  1. when cells are stimulated by mechanical damage or local chemical changes, mast cells release histamine, herapin and other substances
  2. histamine increases blood flow and blood capillaries become more permeable so that fluid is filtered from the blood
  3. herapin prevents clotting
  4. chemicals released from mast cells attract phagocytes to actively consume microorganisms and debris
  5. pain receptors are stimulated
  6. phagocytes begin to die (pus)
  7. new cells are produced by mitosis and repair occurs
58
Q

fever

A

high body temperatures are thought to help kill bacteria.

the person feels cold, so vasoconstriction and shivering occurs which increases body temperature

59
Q

when is antibody-mediated (humoural) immunity activated?

A

when pathogens have not yet entered cells

60
Q

when is cell-mediated immunity activated?

A

when pathogens (such as viruses) have entered the cell

61
Q

describe the process of antibody-mediated immunity?

A

DO WITH CORRECTED NOTES

62
Q

describe the process of cell-mediated immunity?

A

DO WITH CORRECTED NOTES

63
Q

what are the four vaccine types?

A
  • living attenuated microorganisms: viruses have a reduced ability to produce symptoms
  • dead microorganisms: not prolonged immunity
  • bacterial cultures containing toxins: bacteria produce their effect by liberating toxins, toxins are usually inactive
  • sub-unit: fragment of an organism is used

Units 3 & 4 Human Biology ATAR (7 decks)

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