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A&P Exam Two > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What are the two main parts of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain?

A

Peripheral Nerves

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4
Q

To prevent heat loss in cold conditions, the hypothalamus will initiate:

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction

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5
Q

The function of the myelin sheath is to:

A

Provide electrical insulation to help increase the rate of impulse conduction

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6
Q

The brain stem consists of the:

A

midbrain, medulla, and pons

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7
Q

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called:

A

gyri

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8
Q

The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the:

A

Synapse

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9
Q

The substance released at axonal endings to allow a nervous impulse is called a

A

neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response is the role of the:

A

sympathetic nervous system.

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11
Q

Control of temperature and thirst are functions associated with the:

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

Erection of the penis or clitoris is primarly under what control

A

parasympathetic

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13
Q

What is the name of a nerve cell

A

Neurone

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14
Q

What 2 parts is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

Sensory (Afferent) System and Motor (Efferent) System

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15
Q

What does the Afferent (Sensory) System do?

A

Conveys information from receptors to the central nervous system

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16
Q

What does the Efferent (Motor) System do?

A

Conveys information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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17
Q

What 2 parts is the Efferent (Motor) System split into?

A

Somatic System and Autonomic System

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18
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

Conveys information from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles (so things you control voluntarily)

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19
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

Conveys information from the central nervous system to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands (so things you can’t control voluntarily, remember ‘auto’)

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20
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System split into?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System

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21
Q

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System usually do?

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations, reaction include: increased heart rate, dilates airways, release energy stored, pupils dilate, secretion of adrenaline

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22
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System usually do?

A

Controls body processes during ordinary situations, reaction include, decreased heart rate, stores energy, pupils constrict, it stimulates the digestive tract to process food and eliminate waste

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23
Q

The grey matter of the nervous system is formed by:

A

neurone cell bodies

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24
Q

Groups of neurone cell bodies in the central nervous system are called

A

nuclei

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25
Q

The white matter of the nervous system is formed by:

A

myelinated axons

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26
Q

Nerve fibres that carry impulses from the CNS are described as:

A

efferent

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27
Q

The neurone receiving incoming impulses at the

A

dendrites

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28
Q

The sensory or afferent nerve fibers carry information

A

to the CNS

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29
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron?

A

Soma

30
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called

A

ganglia

31
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

32
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

33
Q

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves together are called:

A

peripheral nerves

34
Q

3 classifications of neurones

A

bi-polar, uni-polar, multi-polar

35
Q

What forms the supporting structure for the neurones

A

neuroglial cells

36
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, microglial cell, ependyma

37
Q

What does the oligodendrocyte produce?

A

Myelin

38
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

Central nervous system

39
Q

What does an astrocyte do following a CNS injury?

A

Form scar like tissue

40
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star like (astro - star remember)

41
Q

Which type of neuroglia cell helps in the metabolism of glucose?

A

astrocyte

42
Q

What neuroglia cell ‘cleans’ the nervous system?

A

microglial

43
Q

If there is an increase in microglial cells, this can be a sign of…

A

infection

44
Q

Where are the ependyma cells found?

A

Central canal and ventricles of CNS

45
Q

Cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons. These cells are able to divide and are usually involved in brain tumors.

A

Neuroglia

46
Q

Cells that transmit electrical message from one area of the body to another area.

A

Neurons

47
Q

End of neuron that releases neurotransmitters away from the cell body.

A

Axon

48
Q

End of neuron that conducts electrical currents toward the cell body.

A

Dendrite

49
Q

White, fatty material that covers long nerve fibers, protecting and insulating the fibers, as well as Increasing the speed of impulse transmission.

A

Myelin

50
Q

Location of the nucleus in a neuron.

A

Cell body

51
Q

Bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS.

A

Tract

52
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath between schwann cells.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS.

A

Ganglia

54
Q

Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands.

A

Efferent neuron

55
Q

Changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system functioning.

A

Stimuli

56
Q

Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery.

A

Afferent neuron

57
Q

Chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands.

A

Neurotransmitters

58
Q

State in which the polarity of the neuron is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron.

A

Depolarization

59
Q

Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron when it is inactive. Has fewer positive ions sitting on its inner face than on its outer face

A

Polarized

60
Q

Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron resulting in a return of the polarization to its resting state. .

A

Repolarization

61
Q

The chief positive ion found inside a neuron during its resting state.

A

Potassium ions

62
Q

Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.

A

Sodium potassium pump

63
Q

Site of regulation of water balance, body temperature, and metabolism.

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

Responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements.

A

Cerebellum

65
Q

Important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation giving us a crude idea if the sensation we are about to feel will be pleasant or unpleasant.

A

Thalamus

66
Q

Found in the brain stem, contains autonomic centers which regulate blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting,

A

Medulla oblongata

67
Q

Occurs when the brain injury is slight. Although patient may be dizzy or briefly lose consciousness, the damage is not permanent.

A

Concussion

68
Q

Result of marked tissue destruction. If the cerebral cortex is damaged, the person may remain conscious but if the brain stem is damaged, may go into a permanent coma.

A

Contusion

69
Q

Total nonresponsiveness to stimulation.

A

coma

70
Q

After head injury, if bleeding occurs from ruptured vessels the brain may swell and left untreated, can result in death.

A

Cerebral edema

A&P Exam Two (3 decks)

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