The Nervous System

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal chord

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

An automatic response to a stimulus, requiring no conscious efforts ( often required the spinal cord)

Question 3

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

All nerves outside the CNS, included sensory & motor nerves

Question 4

Somatic nervous system

Answer 4

The subdivision of the peripheral NS that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles

Question 5

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

The subdivision of PNS that regulates the internal organs and Gladys (bladder, stomach, heart, blood vessels)

Question 6

Sympathetic N S

Answer 6

That mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotions and stress (fight or flight accelerator)

Question 7

Parasympathetic N S

Answer 7

Operatesduring relaxed States and conserves energy ( digests food- brake)

Question 8

Biofeedback (Miller 1969,1978)

Answer 8

Monitoring devices track the bodily processes in question and deliver a signal ( light or tone) whenever a person makes a desired response- blood pressure, heart rate, brain waves

Question 9

Spinal cord

Answer 9

A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down to the center of the back

Question 10

Neurons

Answer 10

Cells that conduct electrochemical signals, the basic unit of the neevoisbsystwm. Also called a nerve cell
Cell assemblies are collection of cells that work together in neural pathways or circuits

Question 11

Glial cells

Answer 11

Cells that hold neurons in place, insulate neurons, and provide neurons with nutrients

Question 12

Nerve

Answer 12

A bundle of nerves fibres ( axons and dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system

Question 13

Dendrites

Answer 13

A neurons branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body

Question 14

Cell body

Answer 14

The part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire

Question 15

Axon

Answer 15

A neurons extending fibre that conducts impulses away from the bell body and transmitsbthemnto other neurons

Question 16

Myelin sheath

Answer 16

A fatty insulation that may surround the axon of some neurons, also called white matter. After birth develops in sensory andnthwm motor areas, and in adolescence through to the pre frontal cortex

Question 17

Synapse

Answer 17

A place where transmissions of nerve impulses go from one neuron to the next
Includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in membrane of the next cell

Question 18

Action potential

Unmyelinated

Myelinated

Answer 18

Electrical impulses or current travelling down nerve cells. Two types of action

Smooth flow of current or potential.

Jumping skipping flow of potential hopping down nodes

Question 19

Synaptic end bulb

Answer 19

Synaptic vesicles- little sacs that release neurotransmitters

Question 20

Neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Serotonin

GABA

Answer 20

A chemical substance that is released by transmitting neuron at the synapses and that alters the activity of the receiving neuron

Transmits between nerves and muscles and in Pons (REMSleep) also memory and learning

Important in reward system important in schizophrenia and parkinsons syndrome also learning movement and emotions

Involved in sleep dreaming mood arousal and emotions

Involved in inhibition and regulation of anxiety

Question 21

Receptor cites

Answer 21

Lock and key only certain ones fit

Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft between two neurons from vesicles (chambers) in the transmitting neuron’s axon terminal. The molecules then bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron.
As a result, the electrical state of the receiving neuron changes, and depending on the neurotransmitter that is released, the neuron becomes either more or less likely to produce an action potential.

Question 22

Neuromodulators

Answer 22

A Chemical messenger in the NS that increase or decrease the action of specific neurotransmitters. Drugs will affect action of neurotransmitters release reuptake and block

Question 23

Endorphins

Answer 23

A chemical substance in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates they are involved in pain reduction pleasure and memory and are aka endogenous opioid peptides

Question 24

Hormones

Answer 24

Chemical substances secreted by glands that affect the functioning of other distal organs

Question 25

Endocrine glands

Answer 25

Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the blood stream

Melatonin a hormone secreded by the pineal gland that is involved in the regulation of daily biological rhythms- sleep cycles, jet leg

Sexual hormones ( testosterone, estrogen)

Question 26

Lesions method

Answer 26

Involves the removal or cutting of parts of the brain to see what effects it had on psychological function

Question 27

Electrode method

Answer 27

Inserting an electrode ( small needle or wiring) intonoartsnof the brain to either record or stimulate the brain activity

Question 28

Surface electrodes

Answer 28

Disks taped to the headbtnrecordnactivity in that part of the brain. Usually measuring brain waves or cyclical patterns of neuro electrical activity of millions of neurons