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the nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the central nervous system made of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

function of receptors

A

detects the stimulus by changing it’s energy into electrical energy

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3
Q

what is an effector

A

a structure that responds to nerve impulses, may be a muscle or a gland

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4
Q

types of nerve cells

A

sensory neurone
motor neurone
relay neurone

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5
Q

features of sensory neurone

A

1.transmits nerve impulses from receptor to central nervous system
2.cell body located outside CNS
3.has a long dendron
4.has a short axon

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6
Q

features of motor neurone

A

1.transmits nerve impulses from central nervous system to muscles and glands
2.cell body is located inside the CNS
3.cell body has dendrites which are junctions with other neurons
4.has long axon to carry nerve impulses to effector organ
5.the axon is covered by myelin sheath which insulates the axon and speeds up the conduction of impulses
6.the impulse is transmitted from the axon to the muscle through a synapse called nerve muscle junction

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7
Q

function of relay neurone

A

transmits nerve impulse from sensory neuron to motor neurone

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8
Q

what is a synapse

A

a gap between two neurons across which a nerve impulse can pass by chemicals known as neurotransmitters

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9
Q

structure of spinal cord

A

the middle part is called the grey matter
the outside part is called the white matter

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10
Q

mechanism of transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse

A

1.impulses arrive down the axon of one neuron
2.the impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitters
3.neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap
4.neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the membrane of the second neuron generating another electrical impulse

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11
Q

what is a reflex action

A

automatic, involuntary, rapid response to a stimulus, which often protects the body

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12
Q

reflex arc of withdrawal of a finger from a hot object

A

1.receptor responds to a stimulus and sends nerve impulses to sensory neurone
2.sensory neurone transmits nerve impulse from receptor to CNS
3.relay neurone transmits nerve impulse from sensory neurone to motor neurone
4.motor neurone transmits nerve impulse from CNS to effector
5.effector responds to nerve impulse and contracts and pulls hand away

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13
Q

features of the reflex arc

A

1.involuntary
2.fast response

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14
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain which is made of two cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

3 functions of the cerebrum

A

1.has sensory areas that receive and process information from our sensory organs
2.it has motor areas where all voluntary actions originate
3.it is the origin of all higher activities, such as memory, emotions and personality

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16
Q

where is the cerebellum

A

behind the cerebrum

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17
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordinating muscle contraction
maintaining balance

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18
Q

where is the medulla

A

underneath the cerebrum

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19
Q

function of medulla

A

1.connects the spinal cord with the brain
2.controls basic body activities, such as heart beat and breathing rate

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20
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus

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21
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

secretes hormones into the blood

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22
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

1.coordinates between nervous and endocrine system
2.responsible for many homeostatic processes

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23
Q

causes of alzheimer’s disease

A

build up of two proteins in brain cells called amyloid and tau, which damage and kill brain cells

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24
Q

symptoms of alzheimer’s

A

forgetting recent events, names, and faces
becoming increasingly repetitive
getting lost
becoming anxious
problems with speech

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25
Q

treatment of alzheimer’s

A

1.in early stages, they take drugs that increase the amount of neurotransmitters
2.non drug treatment can be used(activities that stimulate thinking skills)

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26
Q

causes of vascular dementia

A

diseased or damaged blood vessels in the brain which decrease the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells so the cells die

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27
Q

symptoms of vascular dementia

A

problems with memory and thinking

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28
Q

treatment of vascular dementia

A

drugs are used to lower the blood cholesterol to lower the risk of strokes

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29
Q

causes of parkinson’s disease

A

1.death of certain neurons in the brain which produce the neurotransmitters dopamine
2.decrease of dopamine levels causes abnormal brain activity

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30
Q

symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

1.difficulty in walking
2.posture becomes bent over
3.difficulty in speaking clearly
4.loss of automatic movement

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31
Q

treatment of parkinson’s disease

A

Livodopa

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32
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A

1.high levels of dopamine
2.stress
3.drug abuse

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33
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia

A

1.lack of interest in things
2.becoming anxious
3.hallucinations
4.difficulty in concentrating

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34
Q

treatment of schizophrenia

A

1.antipsychotic drugs
2.family intervention therapy

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35
Q

causes of depression

A

1.mental health problems
2.poor physical health
3.bad childhood experience
4.life changing events
5.drugs or alcohol abuse

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36
Q

symptoms of depression

A

1.feeling sad or upset
2.unable to relate to other people
3.no self esteem
4.suicidal thoughts

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37
Q

treatment of depression

A

1.antidepressant drugs
2.taking therapy

38
Q

examples of illegal drugs

A

heroin
cannabis
cocaine

39
Q

dangers of heroine

A

1.addiction
2.overdose can lead to death
3.withdrawal symptoms
4.criminal behavior

40
Q

dangers of cannabis

A

1.hallucinations
2.user becomes confused
3.anxious
4.depression

41
Q

dangers of cocaine

A

1.highly addictive
2.increase heart rate and blood pressure to a dangerous high level
3.nose bleeding
4.tremors
5.seizures
6.dizzines

42
Q

what is alcohol

A

a brain depressant, slows down nervous system

43
Q

dangers of alcohol

A

1.delayed response to a stimulus
2.large amounts interfere with balance and muscular control
3.blurred vision
4.high conc. can lead to coma and death

44
Q

alcohol addiction

A

causes brain damage, damage to the lining of the stomach, and liver cirrhosis

45
Q

what is paracetamol

A

a painkiller that inhibits an enzyme controlling the production of chemicals in the body called prostaglandins which cause pain and fever

46
Q

what does paracetamol do

A

reduces fever by affecting the area of the brain regulating the temperature

47
Q

function of cornea

A

bends lights

48
Q

function of lens

A

bends and focuses the light into the retina

49
Q

function of iris

A

changes the size of the pupil and control the amount of light entering the eye

50
Q

function of choroid

A

contains dark pigments to prevent reflection of light rays inside the eye

51
Q

function of retina

A

has light receptors(rods and cones)

52
Q

function of fovea

A

point of clearest vision(has most vision)

53
Q

function of blind spot

A

point of no vision on retina(has no rods or cones)

54
Q

function of optic nerve

A

transmits nerve impulse from retina to the brain

55
Q

function of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament

A

changes the shape of the lens in accommodation

56
Q

pupil reflex in bright light

A

circular muscles of iris contract
radial muscle of iris relax
pupil becomes smaller

57
Q

pupil reflex in dim light

A

circular muscle of iris relax
radial muscle of iris contract
pupil becomes larger

58
Q

accommodation to near object

A

ciliary muscle contracts
suspensory ligaments are loose
lens is fat

59
Q

accommodation to distant object

A

ciliary muscle relax
suspensory ligaments are tight
lens is thin

60
Q

what is binocularvision

A

to see an object with both eyes at the same time

61
Q

advantages of binocularvision

A

3d vision
judging distances
wide field of vision

62
Q

what is long sight

A

when the lens is not convex enough or the eyeball is too short, has difficulty focusing on nearby objects

63
Q

treatment of long sight

A

using convex lenses or glasses

64
Q

what is short sight

A

when the lens is too convex or the eyeball is too long, difficulty focusing on far objects

65
Q

treatment of short sight

A

using concave lenses

66
Q

what is astigmatism

A

a minor defect in the structure of the eye that causes blurred vision

67
Q

treatment of regular astigmatism

A

wearing glasses or contact lenses

68
Q

treatment of irregular astigmatism

A

only contact lenses

69
Q

what is cataract

A

condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque

70
Q

treatment of cataract

A

by surgery

71
Q

what is corneal transplant

A

when the cornea is damaged it can be replaced by a cornea from a donor

72
Q

the ear has 3 parts:

A

outer, middle, and inner

73
Q

function of the outer ear

A

directs sound waves to the ear drum causing it to vibrate

74
Q

function of the middle ear

A

amplify the vibrations as they pass through small bones(malleus, incus, and stapes)

75
Q

function of stapes

A

transmits the vibrations to the cochlea

76
Q

function of eustachian tube

A

connects the middle ear to the throat and allows pressure to equalize on both sides of the ear drum

77
Q

function of cochlea

A

has receptor cells that convert the vibrations to nerve impulses

78
Q

role of ear in hearing

A

1.ear pinna collects sound waves from air
2.sound waves enter the ear causing the ear drum to vibrate
3.the 3 ossicles amplifies vibrations and transmits it from the ear drum to the cochlea
4.the fluid in the cochlea vibrates stretching receptor cells
5.the receptor cells respond by generating nerve impulses at the neurons
6.impulses are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve

79
Q

role of ear in balance

A

1.in the swelling at the end of semicircular canals are more hair cells embedded in a jelly like mass called cupula
2.movement of fluid in semicircular canals cause the cupula to pull on hair cells
3.hair cells send nerve impulses to the brain
4.the canals are arranged in right angles to each other to detect movement in any direction

80
Q

noise induced hearing loss

A

1.long lasting sounds can damage the sensitive structures within the ear causing hearing loss
2.a very loud noise such as an explosion, can rupture the ear drum
3.exposure to loud noise can cause temporary deafness or buzzing sounds in the ear called tinnitus

81
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical that is usually protein in nature, secreted by an endocrine gland, transported, and dissolved in plasma, and works on specific target organs

82
Q

source of adrenaline

A

adrenal gland

83
Q

role of adrenaline

A

prepares body for stress

84
Q

effect of adrenaline

A
  1. increase heart rate, so more blood reaches the muscle, more respiration, and energy release, and remove excess co2 and lactic acid
    2.increase breathing rate and dilates bronchioles, so more oxygen reaches the muscles, more respiration, and energy release, and removes excess o2
    3.converts glycogen in liver to glucose, so more glucose reaches the muscles, more respiration occurs and energy is released
85
Q

what happens during negative feedback

A

a change in the conditions of the body is detected and process starts to return the conditions back to normal

86
Q

where is insulin released from

A

pancreas

87
Q

when is insulin released

A

when glucose concentration in the blood rises

88
Q

what does insulin do

A

stimulates liver to change glucose to glycogen, to lower blood glucose level

89
Q

what does glucagon do

A

glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, to raise blood glucose level

90
Q

when is glucagon released

A

when glucose level is low

91
Q

differences between nervous and hormonal communication

A

in nervous, message sent in electrical nerve impulse
in hormonal message sent in chemical substance

in nervous, there is a rapid response
in hormonal, slow response

in nervous, gives a short lived response
in hormonal, gives a long term response

human biology (10 decks)

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