Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human biology > nutrients and energy > Flashcards

nutrients and energy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a balanced diet

A

a diet that includes all 7 types of nutrients in the right amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 7 types of nutrients

A

1.carbohydrates
2.proteins
3.fats
4.minerals
5.vitamins
6.water
7.dietary fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

role of carbohydrates

A

1.source of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

role of proteins

A

growth, repair, antibodies, haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

role of fats

A

source and store of energy, insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of minerals

A

1.calcium:bones and teeth
2.iron:making haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

role of vitamins

A

vitamin A: night vision
vitamin D: absorption of calcium into bones
vitamin C: protect against scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

role of water

A

solvent for metabolic reactions, transport, and cooling of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

role of dietary fibre

A

1.stimulates peristalsis
2.prevents constipation
3.protects against colon cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of malnutrition

A

1.constipation
2.coronary heart disease
3.obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cause of constipation

A

insufficient fibre in the diet, diet lacking in fibre may lead to bowel cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cause of coronary heart disease

A

when animal fats and cholesterol form atheroma on the walls of the coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is associated with obesity

A

high blood pressure
heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is scurvy disease

A

1.caused by lack of vitamin c
2.bleeding gums, wounds don’t heal properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is rickets disease

A

1.caused by lack of vitamin d
2.growing bones become soft, causing bow legs or knock knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effect of diet lacking in calcium

A

1.bones of skeleton do not form properly
2.growth is stunted
3.bones become brittle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

effect of diet lacking in iron

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is kwashiorkor disease

A

characterized by a swollen abdomen, caused by protein deficiency
immune system is affected as there is difficulty producing antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stages of human nutrition

A

1.ingestion
2.digestion(mechanical and chemical)
3.absorption
4.assimilation
5.egestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is ingestion

A

the taking in of substances into the body through the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is digestion

A

the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processess

22
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

breaking down food into smaller pieces to increase surface area for faster action of enzymes

23
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones

24
Q

what is absorption

A

movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

25
Q

what is assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cell

26
Q

what is egestion

A

passing out of undigested and unabsorbed food, as faeces through the anus

27
Q

equation of BMI

A

mass in kg/(height in meters)^2

28
Q

tooth structure

A

1.the part of the tooth which is embedded in the gum is called the root
2.the crown is covered with enamel
3.under the enamel is a layer of dentine
4.in the middle of the tooth is the pulp cavity which contains nerves and blood vessels

29
Q

what are the four types of teeth

A

1.incisors
2.canines
3.premolars and molars

30
Q

what are incisors

A

sharp edges, chisel shaped teeth at the front of the mouth, they are used for biting off pieces of food

31
Q

what are canines

A

more pointed teeth at either side of the incisors, used to tear meat

32
Q

what are premolars and molars

A

large teeth towards the back of the mouth, they are cusped and used to crush and grind food

33
Q

tooth decay

A

1.bacteria forms a layer on teeth called dental plaque
2.if sugar is left on the teeth bacteria in the plaque will feed on it
3.they use it in respiration changing it into acid
3.the acid gradually dissolves the enamel covering the tooth, and works it’s way into the dentine

34
Q

what happens in the mouth

A

1.the teeth grind the food into smaller pieces, increasing it’s surface area
2.amylase begins to digest starch in the food to maltose

35
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach

36
Q

what happens in the oesophagus

A

food moves down the oesophagus by peristalsis which is alternative contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular muscles in the walls of the alimentary canal

37
Q

what happens in the stomach

A

1.contains other cells which produce protease enzymes and others which make hydrochloric acid
2.the main protease enzyme in the stomach is pepsin, it begins to digest proteins by breaking them down into polypeptides. pepsin works best in acidic condition
3.acid helps to kill any bacteria in the food and provides the acidic conditions for the activity of the pepsin

38
Q

parts of small intestine

A

first part nearest to the stomach is called duodenum
the last part nearest to the colon is the ileum

39
Q

duodenum

A

both pancreatic and bile juice are secreted from the pancreas and the liver to the duodenum

40
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

1.amylase
2. trypsin
3.lipase

41
Q

what does amylase do

A

break down starch to maltose

42
Q

what does trypsin do

A

a protease, which breaks down proteins to polypeptides

43
Q

what does lipase do

A

breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

bile juice

A

bile helps digest fat, by emulsifying large drops of fat into very small ones increasing their surface area to make it easier for lipase in the pancreatic juice to digest them into fatty acids and glycerol.

45
Q

what are the enzymes that iluem produce

A

1.maltase
2.peptidase
3.lipase

46
Q

what does maltase do

A

1.breaks down maltose to glucose.

47
Q

what does peptidase do

A

breaks down any polypeptides into amino acids.

48
Q

what does lipase do

A

completes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol

49
Q

adaption of villi for absorption

A

1.They are extremely numerous increasing the surface area for faster absorption
2.Their walls are very thin (single layer of cells) for faster absorption.
3.The epithelial cells of the villi have microvilli for further increase in surface area for faster absorption.
4.They have large network of blood capillaries.
5. They have lacteal vessels for absorption of fatty acids and glycerol.
6.Their cells have large number of mitochondria to
release energy for active transport.

50
Q

what happens in the large intestine

A

In the colon, more water and salt are absorbed. However, the colon absorbs much less water than the small intestine.

human biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions