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Human Physiology and Exercise > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

subdivisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain
spinal cord
(encased in bone and not plastic)

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3
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

everything outside the spinal cord and skull
(plastic)

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4
Q

subdivisions of the PNS

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions

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5
Q

subdivisions of motor division

A

autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system

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6
Q

subdivisions of ANS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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7
Q

role of somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movement
peripheral nerves exit spinal cord and connect to muscles and stimulation of these nerves cause muscle contraction

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8
Q

role of autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary movements e.g. lungs and heart
has two components: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

role of sensory system

A

takes information from the senses
5 basic senses but also vestibular and proprioreceptive systems

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10
Q

what are the 2 basic cells of the nervous system?

A

neurones
glial cells

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11
Q

what are neurones?

A

electrically excitable cells that communicate with other cells via synapses

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12
Q

how does information travel through a neurone?

A

through action potentials
1. signal arrives at dendrites
2. if charge reaches threshold, action potential travels down axon
3.information coded by rate of firing

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13
Q

how does information pass between neurones

A

through chemicals
1. AP causes calcium to enter axon terminals
2. synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters bind to cell membrane and release this into synaptic cleft
3. neurotransmitter binds to dendrites of next neurone
4. if neurotransmitter is inhibitory then charge of receiving neurone is lowered and if excitatory charge is increased
5. if charge passes the threshold, the next neurone will fire an AP

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14
Q

what are glial cells

A

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis
provide support and protection for neurones

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15
Q

5 major types of glial cells

A

Schwann cell
oligodendrocyte
astrocyte
microglial cell
ependymal cell

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16
Q

astrocyte

A

regulate chemicals around neurones e.g. neurotransmitter uptake nod ion conc
regulate blood flow around the brain
repair areas of the nervous system forming glial scars
maintain the blood-brain barrier

17
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

form myelin sheath in CNS
each oligodendrocyte can myelinated up to 50 axons

18
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath in PNS
assist in regeneration and regrowth of axons

19
Q

microglia

A

immune system for the brain
scavenge CNS for plaques, damaged cells and infectious agents

20
Q

ependymal cells

A

make up ependyma membranes
ependyma membranes are thin linings of central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles
produce cerebrospinal fluid

21
Q

what is white matter made of

A

myelin sheaths (made of fats and proteins)

22
Q

what is grey matter made of

A

cell bodies and neurones

23
Q

what is the basic layout of the brain from bottom to top

A

spinal cord
medulla
pons
cerebellum
midbrain
thalamus
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex

24
Q

brainstem

A

sits on top of spinal cord
made up of medulla, pons and cerebellum

25
Q

medulla

A

lower half of brainstem
controls cardiac, respiration and reflexes (basic motor functions)

26
Q

pons

A

contains nuclei and relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum
primarily deals with: sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, taste, eye movements, posture, facial expressions

27
Q

cerebellum

A

maintenance of balance and posture
coordination of movements
motor learning

28
Q

midbrain

A

made up of tactum and substantia nigra

29
Q

tactum

A

controls orientation of head and neck
superior colliculus- vision
inferior colliculus- sound

30
Q

substantia nigra

A

associated with sleep and wake cycles
alertness
temperature regulation

31
Q

diancephalon

A

made up of thalamus and hypothalamus

32
Q

thalamus

A

takes information from periphery and passes it to the cortex

33
Q

hypothalamus

A

responsible for hormones and metabolic control

34
Q

telencephalon

A

made up of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

35
Q

basal ganglia

A

series of interconnected nuclei
responsible for: movement regulation, skill learning, habit formation, reward systems, selection of appropriate behaviours

36
Q

cerebral cortex

A

key roles in movement, attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language, consciousness
contains 6 highly folded layers

Human Physiology and Exercise (11 decks)

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