The nature of electromagnetic radiation part2 Flashcards

1
Q

The electric component of an electromagnetic plane wave can oscillate in

A

any direction normal to the direction of wave propagation (which is parallel to the k vector)

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2
Q

A represents

A

Electric field

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3
Q

B represents

A

Magnetic field

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4
Q

Suppose that the wave is propagating in the z direction. It follows that the

A

electric field can oscillate in any direction that lies in the x - y plane

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5
Q

The actual direction of oscillation determines the

A

polarization of the wave

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6
Q

The actual direction of oscillation determines the polarization of the wave. For instance,

A

a vacuum electromagnetic wave of angular frequency ω that is polarized in x direction has the associated electric field

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7
Q

a vacuum electromagnetic wave of angular frequency ω that is polarized in x direction has the associated electric field.

where ω=

A

ω=kc

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8
Q

where ω=kc. Likewise, a wave polarized in the y direction has the electric field

A
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9
Q

A represents

A

Horizontal linear polarization

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10
Q

B represent

A

Vertical linear polarization

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11
Q

Vertically polarized wave

A

is one for which the electric field lies only in the x-z plane

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12
Q

Horizontally polarized wave

A

is one for which the elecric field lies only in the y-z plane

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13
Q

(Vertical and horizontal polarized wave )These two waves are termed __________________

A

linearly polarized

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14
Q

These two waves are termed linearly polarized, since the

A

electric field vector oscillates in a straight-line

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15
Q

These two waves are termed linearly polarized, since the electric field vector oscillates in a straight-line. However,

A

other types of polarization are possible

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16
Q

, other types of polarization are possible. For instance, if we combine

A

two linearly polarized waves of equal amplitude, one polarized in the x direction, and one in the y direction, that oscillate π/2 radians out of phase, then we obtain a circularly polarized wave:

17
Q

a circularly polarized wave

A
18
Q

A represents

A

Left hand circular polarization

19
Q

B represents

A

Right hand circular polarization

20
Q

if the x and y components of the electric field in the previous two expressions have different ____________________ then we

A

(non-zero) amplitudes then we obtain right-hand and left-hand elliptically polarized waves, respectively.

21
Q

(non-zero) amplitudes then we obtain right-hand and left-hand elliptically polarized waves, respectively. This nomenclature arises from

A

the fact that the tip of the electric field vector traces out an ellipse in the plane normal to the direction of wave propagation.

22
Q

A represents

A

Linear

23
Q

B represents

A

Circular

24
Q

C represents

A

Elliptical

25
Q

The Stokes parameters are

A

a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation.

26
Q

The Stokes parameters are a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation. They were defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1852, as a

A

mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation

27
Q

a mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation in terms of

A

its total intensity (I), (fractional) degree of polarization (p), and the shape parameters of the polarization ellipse.

28
Q

The Stokes parameters are often combined into

A

a vector, known as the Stokes vector:

29
Q

Stokes Vector consists of four parameters (called Stokes parameters):

A

intensity I,

the degree of polarization Q,

the plane of polarization U,

the ellipticity V.

30
Q

Stokes parmeters in terms of intensities

A
I = total intensity
Q= I<sub>0</sub>-I<sub>90</sub> = differences in intensities between horizontal and vertical linearly polarized components;
U = I<sub>+45</sub> –I<sub>-45</sub>= differences in intensities between linearly polarized components oriented at +45 and -45
V = I<sub>rcl</sub> –I<sub>lcr</sub>= differences in intensities between right and left circular polarized components.
31
Q

For unpolarized light:

A

Q=U=V=0

32
Q

The degree of polarization P of a light beam is defined as

A

P=(Q2+U2+V2)1/2/I

33
Q

The degree of linear polarization LP of a light beam is defined by neglecting U and V

A

LP = -Q/I

34
Q

Measurements of polarization are actively used in remote sensing in the

A

solar and microwave regions.

35
Q

Polarization in the microwave – mainly due to

A

reflection from the surface

36
Q

Polarization in the solar

A

– reflection from the surface and scattering by molecules and particulates.

37
Q

Active remote sensing (e.g., ___________) commonly uses

A

RADAR

polarized radiation