chapter 3 sensors and platforms part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

There are several broad categories of basic sensor system types such as

A

passive vs. active, and imaging vs. nonimaging

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2
Q

Passive vs. active refers to

A

the illumination source of the system

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3
Q

imaging vs. nonimaging refers to

A

the form of the data

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4
Q

A variety of different sensors fit in these categories, which are

A

not mutually exclusive.

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5
Q

Passive sensors measure

A

light reflected or emitted naturally from surfaces and objects

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6
Q

Passive sensors measure light reflected or emitted naturally from surfaces and objects. Such instruments

A

merely observe

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7
Q

Passive sensors measure light reflected or emitted naturally from surfaces and objects. Such instruments merely observe, and depend primarily on

A

solar energy

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8
Q

Passive sensors measure light reflected or emitted naturally from surfaces and objects. Such instruments merely observe, and depend primarily on solar energy as the

A

ultimate radiation source

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9
Q

Passive sensors measure light reflected or emitted naturally from surfaces and objects. Such instruments merely observe, and depend primarily on solar energy as the ultimate radiation source illuminating

A

surfaces and object

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10
Q

Active sensors (such as ……………)

A

radar and lidar systems

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11
Q

Active sensors (such as radar and lidar systems) first

A

emit energy (supplied by their own energy source) and then measure the return of that energy after it has interacted with a surface.

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12
Q

Use of data collected by passive sensors often requires

A

accurate measurements of solar radiation reaching the surface at the time the observations were made

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13
Q

Active sensors :
Use of data collected by passive sensors often requires accurate measurements of solar radiation reaching the surface at the time the observations were made. This information allows for the

A

correction of “atmospheric effects”

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14
Q

Use of data collected by passive sensors often requires accurate measurements of solar radiation reaching the surface at the time the observations were made. This information allows for the correction of “atmospheric effects” and results in

A

data or images that are more representative of actual surface characteristics.

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15
Q

Remote sensing data are the recorded representation of

A

radiation reflected or emitted from an area or object

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16
Q

When measuring the reflected or emitted energy, ………………… can be used

A

either imaging or nonimaging sensors

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17
Q

Data from imaging sensors can be processed to produce

A

an image of an area, within which smaller parts of the sensor’s whole view are resolved visually

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18
Q

Nonimaging sensors usually are

A

hand held devices

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19
Q

Nonimaging sensors usually are hand held devices that

A

register only a single response value, with no finer resolution than the whole area viewed by the sensor

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20
Q

Nonimaging sensors usually are hand held devices that register only a single response value, with no finer resolution than the whole area viewed by the sensor, and therefore

A

no image can be made from the data

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21
Q

Nonimaging sensors usually are hand held devices that register only a single response value, with no finer resolution than the whole area viewed by the sensor, and therefore no image can be made from the data. These single values can be referred to as

A

a type of “point” data

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22
Q

These single values can be referred to as a type of “point” data, however some small area is typically involved depending on

A

the sensor’s spatial resolution

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23
Q

Image and nonimage data each have particular uses. Nonimage data give information for

A

one specific (usually small) area or surface cover type

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24
Q

Nonimage data give information for one specific (usually small) area or surface cover type, and can be used to

A

characterize the reflectance of various materials occurring in a larger scene and to learn more about the interactions of electromagnetic energy and objects.

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25
Q

Image data provide an opportunity to look at

A

spatial relationships, object shapes, and to estimate physical sizes

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26
Q

Image data provide an opportunity to look at spatial relationships, object shapes, and to estimate physical sizes based on

A

the data’s spatial resolution and sampling

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27
Q

Image data are desirable when ……………………….. (such as …………..) is needed

A
spatial information 
(mapped output)
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28
Q

Image data provide an opportunity to look at spatial relationships, object shapes, and to estimate physical sizes based on the data’s spatial resolution and sampling. Image data are desirable when spatial information (such as mapped output) is needed. This text refers primarily to

A

imaging sensors and data.

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29
Q

Images produced from remote sensing data can be either

A

analog (such as a photograph) or digital (a multidimensional array or grid of numbers)

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30
Q

Digital data can be analyzed by

A

studying the values using calculations performed on a computer

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31
Q

Digital data can be analyzed by studying the values using calculations performed on a computer, or processed to produce

A

an image for visual interpretation

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32
Q

Image interpretation is used to

A

decipher information in a scene

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33
Q

In the past, image interpretation was done largely using

A

subjective visual techniques

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34
Q

In the past, image interpretation was done largely using subjective visual techniques, but with the development and ongoing advancement of

A

computer technology, numeric or digital processing

35
Q

In the past, image interpretation was done largely using subjective visual techniques, but with the development and ongoing advancement of computer technology, numeric or digital processing has become

A

a powerful and common interpretation tool.

36
Q

In many cases, image interpretation involves the combination of both

A

visual and digital techniques

37
Q

In many cases, image interpretation involves the combination of both visual and digital techniques. These techniques

A

utilize a number of image features

38
Q

In many cases, image interpretation involves the combination of both visual and digital techniques. These techniques utilize a number of image features including

A

tone and color, texture, shape, size, patterns, and associations of objects

39
Q

The human eye and brain are generally thought to more easily process the ………………… of an image

A

spatial charactaristics

40
Q

The human eye and brain are generally thought to more easily process the spatial characteristics of an image, such as

A

shape, patterns and how objects are associated with one another

41
Q

Computers usually are better suited for

A

rapid analysis of the spectral elements of an image

42
Q

Computers usually are better suited for rapid analysis of the spectral elements of an image such as

A

tone and color

43
Q

Sophisticated computer software that can perform like the human eye and brain may be

A

more commonly available in the future.

44
Q

Passive sensors are the most common sensor type for

A

vegetation related remote sensing

45
Q

This is not only because passive sensor systems are generally

A

simpler in design (built only to receive energy)

46
Q

Passive sensors are the most common sensor type for vegetation related remote sensing. This is not only because passive sensor systems are generally simpler in design (built only to receive energy) but also because

A

portions of the solar spectrum provide very useful information for monitoring plant and canopy properties.

47
Q

A major limitation of passive systems is that in most cases they require

A

sunlight in order for valid and useful data to be acquired.

48
Q

A major limitation of passive systems is that in most cases they require sunlight in order for valid and useful data to be acquired. Consequently,

A

deployment of or data acquisition by passive sensors is very dependent on lighting (time of day, time of year, latitude) and weather conditions,

49
Q

A major limitation of passive systems is that in most cases they require sunlight in order for valid and useful data to be acquired. Consequently, deployment of or data acquisition by passive sensors is very dependent on lighting (time of day, time of year, latitude) and weather conditions, since cloud cover can

A

interfere with the path of solar radiation from the sun to the surface and then to the sensor.

50
Q

The signals detected by passive sensors can be ……………….. due to ….

A

greatly altered due to atmospheric effects

51
Q

The signals detected by passive sensors can be greatly altered due to atmospheric effects, especially in the

A

shorter wavelengths of the solar spectrum

52
Q

The signals detected by passive sensors can be greatly altered due to atmospheric effects, especially in the shorter wavelengths of the solar spectrum that are

A

strongly scattered by the atmosphere

53
Q

The signals detected by passive sensors can be greatly altered due to atmospheric effects, especially in the shorter wavelengths of the solar spectrum that are strongly scattered by the atmosphere. These effects can be

A

minimized (but not eliminated)

54
Q

The signals detected by passive sensors can be greatly altered due to atmospheric effects, especially in the shorter wavelengths of the solar spectrum that are strongly scattered by the atmosphere. These effects can be minimized (but not eliminated) by

A

collecting data only under very clear and dry atmospheric conditions

55
Q

Sophisticated atmospheric correction routines now exist to

A

remove atmospheric effects from data acquired by passive sensors

56
Q

The most common sensor system is the

A

photographic camera

57
Q

The most common sensor system is the photographic camera – a

A

simple passive sensor

58
Q

Many of the historic developments in remote sensing were directly related to the development of

A

photographic systems

59
Q

Camera systems are similar in design to

A

the human eye

60
Q

Camera systems are similar in design to the human eye. Both have

A

a lens at one end of an enclosed chamber and a light-sensitive material (film for a camera and the retina for an eye) at the other

61
Q

In both systems, an iris is used to

A

control the amount of light that can strike the film/retina

62
Q

In a camera, a shutter is placed

A

between the lens and film to control how long the light can strike the film

63
Q

Filters can be attached

A

in front of a lens

64
Q

Filters can be attached in front of a lens to

A

restrict the wavelength of light permitted to strike the film

65
Q

A radiometer is

A

an instrument designed to measure the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in a set of wavebands ranging from the ultraviolet to microwave wavelengths.

66
Q

A radiometer is an instrument designed to measure the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in a set of wavebands ranging from the ultraviolet to microwave wavelengths. The radiometers discussed here are called

A

electro-optic sensors

67
Q

The radiometers discussed here are called electro-optic sensors because they

A

measure electromagnetic energy using optical techniques and electronic detectors

68
Q

The radiometers discussed here are called electro-optic sensors because they measure electromagnetic energy using optical techniques and electronic detectors. Though they are only capable of

A

recording a single data value for their view area, if they are mounted in a scanner device images can be produced.

69
Q

Radiometers are similar in design to a

A

camera

70
Q

Radiometers are similar in design to a camera in that they have

A

an opening for the light to enter, lenses and mirrors for the light to pass through

71
Q

Radiometers are similar in design to a camera in that they have an opening for the light to enter, lenses and mirrors for the light to pass through, but instead of film, they have

A

an electronic detector

72
Q

Radiometers are similar in design to a camera in that they have an opening for the light to enter, lenses and mirrors for the light to pass through, but instead of film, they have an electronic detector to

A

record the intensity of electromagnetic energy

73
Q

As energy hits the detector, a signal proportional to the incoming irradiance is processed to either a

A

digital or analog output that can be recorded.

74
Q

Detectors for radiometers have been devised to measure

A

wavelengths from 0.4 to 14 micrometers.

75
Q

Detectors for radiometers have been devised to measure wavelengths from 0.4 to 14 micrometers. Although some radiometers can detect this entire range of wavelengths, most only measure

A

selected wavebands in this range

76
Q

Radiometers that measure more than one waveband are called

A

multispectral radiometers

77
Q

Radiometers that measure more than one waveband are called multispectral radiometers. For this type of radiometer, the light

A

must be separated into discrete wavebands

78
Q

Radiometers that measure more than one waveband are called multispectral radiometers. For this type of radiometer, the light must be separated into discrete wavebands so that

A

multiple waveband or multichannel readings can be taken

79
Q

For this type of radiometer, the light must be separated into discrete wavebands so that multiple waveband or multichannel readings can be taken. This separation can be done using

A

filters, prisms or other sophisticated techniques

80
Q

Non-imaging radiometers are commonly used as

A

research tools to better understand how light interacts with objects

81
Q

Non-imaging radiometers are commonly used as research tools to better understand how light interacts with objects, for

A

spectral characterization of a variety of surfaces, and for atmospheric measurements.

82
Q

Non-imaging radiometers are commonly used as research tools to better understand how light interacts with objects, for spectral characterization of a variety of surfaces, and for atmospheric measurements. Another common use is to

A

measure the quantity and quality of solar energy

83
Q

Another common use is to measure the quantity and quality of solar energy. These measurements can in turn be used to

A

correct other imaging and nonimaging measurements for atmospheric effects.