chapter 5 microscopic interactions Flashcards
Whenever electromagnetic radiation encounters matter one of three things can happen.
reflection
transmission
absorption
reflection
transmission
absorption
Reflection:
All electromagnetic reflections are governed by the same
physical laws as reflections of visible light
Optics describes
describes the general laws of reflection
Optics describes the general laws of reflection and may be applied to
Øall types of electromagnetic reflections ranging from radio waves to gamma rays.
Transmission:
The electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted
•completely through the substance it encounters.
If absolutely no energy is absorbed by the material, it is said to be
•transparent to the radiation.
The velocity of the radiation is usually ………………… in the transparent medium
slower
The velocity of the radiation is usually slower in the transparent medium and as a result the radiation usually
undergoes refraction
Various materials are transparent at various wavelengths. For example, lead glass is transparent to …………… but not …………………
visible light but not X-rays
several thicknesses of black paper sheets are transparent to …………………… but not …………….
•X-rays, but not visible light.
……………………………. is perfectly transparent.
No known material
Absorption:
The electromagnetic radiation may be
•totally or partially absorbed by the substance.
The electromagnetic radiation may be totally or partially absorbed by the substance.
In this process energy is
transferred to the absorbing medium
In this process energy is transferred to the absorbing medium and this may cause
significant changes to occur within the absorbing medium
Electromagnetic radiation
•is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles.
•Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its ………………….. when it passes from one medium to another, are explained best by ……………………
refraction
describing light as a wave.
Other properties, such as absorption and emission, are better described by
light as a particle.
The exact nature of electromagnetic radiation
remains unclear
The exact nature of electromagnetic radiation remains unclear, as it has since the
•development of quantum mechanics in the first quarter of the 20th century.
……………………………..provide a useful description for electromagnetic radiation.
the dual models of wave and particle behavior
Electromagnetic radiation consists of
oscillating electric and magnetic fields
Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that
•that propagate through space along a linear path and with a constant velocity.
In a vacuum electromagnetic radiation travels at
•at the speed of light, c, which is 2.997 92 × 108 m/s.
When electromagnetic radiation moves through a medium other than a vacuum its velocity, v, is
•less than the speed of light in a vacuum.
The oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields are…………………to each other
perpendicular
The oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, and to the direction of the
wave’s propagation.
A
magnetic field
B
electric field
c
A
D
lamda ,\
E
direction of propagation
An electromagnetic wave is characterized by several fundamental properties
including its velocity, amplitude, frequency, phase angle, polarization and direction of propagation
the amplitude of the oscillating electric field at any point along the propagating wave is
At is
the magnitude of the electric field at time t
Ae
is the electric field’s maximum amplitude