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atmospheric remote sensing > chapter 5 microscopic interactions > Flashcards

chapter 5 microscopic interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Whenever electromagnetic radiation encounters matter one of three things can happen.

A

reflection

transmission

absorption

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2
Q
A

reflection

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3
Q
A

transmission

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4
Q
A

absorption

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5
Q

Reflection:

All electromagnetic reflections are governed by the same

A

physical laws as reflections of visible light

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6
Q

Optics describes

A

describes the general laws of reflection

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7
Q

Optics describes the general laws of reflection and may be applied to

A

Øall types of electromagnetic reflections ranging from radio waves to gamma rays.

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8
Q

Transmission:

The electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted

A

•completely through the substance it encounters.

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9
Q

If absolutely no energy is absorbed by the material, it is said to be

A

•transparent to the radiation.

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10
Q

The velocity of the radiation is usually ………………… in the transparent medium

A

slower

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11
Q

The velocity of the radiation is usually slower in the transparent medium and as a result the radiation usually

A

undergoes refraction

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12
Q

Various materials are transparent at various wavelengths. For example, lead glass is transparent to …………… but not …………………

A

visible light but not X-rays

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13
Q

several thicknesses of black paper sheets are transparent to …………………… but not …………….

A

•X-rays, but not visible light.

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14
Q

……………………………. is perfectly transparent.

A

No known material

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15
Q

Absorption:

The electromagnetic radiation may be

A

•totally or partially absorbed by the substance.

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16
Q

The electromagnetic radiation may be totally or partially absorbed by the substance.

In this process energy is

A

transferred to the absorbing medium

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17
Q

In this process energy is transferred to the absorbing medium and this may cause

A

significant changes to occur within the absorbing medium

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18
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

•is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles.

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19
Q

•Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its ………………….. when it passes from one medium to another, are explained best by ……………………

A

refraction

describing light as a wave.

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20
Q

Other properties, such as absorption and emission, are better described by

A

light as a particle.

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21
Q

The exact nature of electromagnetic radiation

A

remains unclear

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22
Q

The exact nature of electromagnetic radiation remains unclear, as it has since the

A

•development of quantum mechanics in the first quarter of the 20th century.

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23
Q

……………………………..provide a useful description for electromagnetic radiation.

A

the dual models of wave and particle behavior

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24
Q

Electromagnetic radiation consists of

A

oscillating electric and magnetic fields

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25
Q

Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that

A

•that propagate through space along a linear path and with a constant velocity.

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26
Q

In a vacuum electromagnetic radiation travels at

A

•at the speed of light, c, which is 2.997 92 × 108 m/s.

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27
Q

When electromagnetic radiation moves through a medium other than a vacuum its velocity, v, is

A

•less than the speed of light in a vacuum.

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28
Q

The oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields are…………………to each other

A

perpendicular

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29
Q

The oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, and to the direction of the

A

wave’s propagation.

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30
Q

A

A

magnetic field

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31
Q

B

A

electric field

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32
Q

c

A

A

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33
Q

D

A

lamda ,\

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34
Q

E

A

direction of propagation

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35
Q

An electromagnetic wave is characterized by several fundamental properties

A

including its velocity, amplitude, frequency, phase angle, polarization and direction of propagation

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36
Q

the amplitude of the oscillating electric field at any point along the propagating wave is

A
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37
Q

At is

A

the magnitude of the electric field at time t

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38
Q

Ae

A

is the electric field’s maximum amplitude

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39
Q

v is

A

the wave’s frequency - the number of oscillations in the electric field per unit time

40
Q

o| is

A

a phase angle which accounts for the fact that At need not have a value of zero at t=0

41
Q

the identical equation for the magnetic field is

A
42
Q

Other properties also are useful for characterizing the wave behavior of

A

electromagnetic radiation.

43
Q

The wavelength, λ, is defined as

A

the distance between successive maxima

44
Q

For ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic radiation the wavelength is usually expressed in

A

nanometers (1 nm = 10–9 m)

45
Q

for infrared radiation it is given in

A

microns (1 μm = 10–6 m)

46
Q

The relationship between wavelength and frequency is

A
47
Q

Another unit useful unit is the wavenumber, ν , which is

A

the reciprocal of wavelength

48
Q

Wavenumbers are

A

frequently used to characterize infrared radiation

49
Q

Wavenumbers are frequently used to characterize infrared radiation, with the units given in

A

cm–1

50
Q

When matter absorbs electromagnetic radiation it undergoes

A

a change in energy

51
Q

The interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation is easiest to understand if we assume that

A

radiation consists of a beam of energetic particles called photons.

52
Q

When a photon is absorbed by a sample it is

A

“destroyed,” and its energy acquired by the sample.

53
Q

The energy of a photon, in ……………, is related to its

A

in joules, is related to its frequency, wavelength, and wavenumber

54
Q

•The energy of a photon, in joules, is related to its frequency, wavelength, and wavenumber by the following equalities

A
55
Q

When a photon is absorbed by an atom or molecule, which undergoes a transition from a

A

lower-energy state to a higher energy, or excited state

56
Q

Absorption

A
57
Q

emission

A
58
Q

The type of transition depends on

A

the photon’s energy

59
Q

For example, absorbing a photon of visible light promotes

A

one of the atom’s or molecule’s valence electrons to a higher-energy level

60
Q

When an molecule absorbs infrared radiation, on the other hand, one of its chemical bonds experiences

A

a change in vibrational energy

61
Q

When we look at the electronic configuration of an atom we can divide up the electrons in the atom into two categories:

A

valence and core electrons

62
Q

The valence electrons are those that are

A

used in chemical bonding

63
Q

the core electrons are

A

not involved in bonding

64
Q

A & B

A
65
Q

C

A
66
Q

D & E

A
67
Q

G & H & I & J

A
68
Q

F

A
69
Q

K & L & M

A
70
Q

If there are no available quantized energy levels matching the quantum energy of the incident radiation, then

A

•then the material will be transparent to that radiation

71
Q

Energy levels are everything in

A

quantum mechanics

72
Q

A & B

A
73
Q

c

A
74
Q

D

A
75
Q

For a given frequency of radiation, there is

A

•only one value of quantum energy for the photons of that radiation

76
Q

Transitions between energy levels occur by

A

•absorption, emission and stimulated emission of photons

77
Q

When an atom in an excited state falls to a lower energy level, it

A

emits a photon of light.

78
Q

how does the arrow go

A
79
Q

Molecules typically remain excited for no longer than

A

a few nanoseconds

80
Q

Molecules typically remain excited for no longer than a few nanoseconds. This is often also called

A

fluorescence

81
Q

Molecules typically remain excited for no longer than a few nanoseconds. This is often also called fluorescence or, when it takes longer

A

phosphorescence

82
Q

A spectral line is

A

a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.

83
Q

A

A

Continuous spectrum

84
Q

B

A

emission lines

85
Q

C

A

Absorption lines

86
Q

Vij​ =

A

ΔEij/h

87
Q

A

A

allowed transitions

88
Q

B

A

positions of the absorption lines in the spectrum of the molecule

89
Q

Line positions are determined by the

A

•energy changes of allowed transitions

90
Q

Line strengths are determined by the

A

•fraction of molecules that are in a particular initial state required for a transition

91
Q

Spectral lines are often used to

A

identify atoms and molecules from their characteristic spectral lines

92
Q

These “fingerprints” can be compared to the previously collected “fingerprints” of atoms and molecules, and are thus used to identify the

A

•atomic and molecular components of stars and planets which would otherwise be impossible.

93
Q

Spectroscopy is

A

the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation

94
Q

Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of

A

•visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism.

95
Q

•Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism.

Later the concept was expanded greatly to include

A

any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency

96
Q

What is the energy of a photon from the sodium D line at 589 nm?

(law)

A
97
Q

•What is the energy of a photon from the sodium D line at 589 nm?

(solve)

A

atmospheric remote sensing (9 decks)

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