The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the muscular system made up of?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
What are skeletal muscles?
Muscles that attack to the skeleton by tendons that provide movement, and contraction of the muscle is voluntarily controlled.
What is smooth muscle?
Found in the walls of the digestive system, blood vessels and air passages (and even other tubular structures). Contraction of the muscle is involuntary and slow.
What is cardiac muscle?
Muscle found in the heart, muscle contraction is involuntary and rhythmic.
What is motion and locomotion produced by?
Muscle pulling on bones
What do joints allow parts of the body to do?
Allow parts of the body to flex and extend, aiding movement.
Skeletal bones are held together by _______?
_______ attach muscles to bones of the skeleton.
1) Ligaments
2) Tendons
What are the types of locomotion?
1) Swimming
2) Climbing
3) Cursorial (Running)
4) Powered flight
5) Hopping/leaping
6) Gliding
What is locomotion important for?
Navigating through the environment, sourcing food and for survival.
What are the adaptations for swimming?
Modified forelimb bones for swimming, caudal vertebrae/ muscle mass provides propulsion in water, streamlined bodies reduce water drag, loss of limbs reduce drag.
What are the adaptations for climbing?
Long bones in limbs aid climbs, opposable hands/feet, prehensile tail (for grabbing) and nails/claws to aid climb.
What are the adaptations for cursorial?
Long and slender bones for longer strides, lightweight skeleton and flexible spine, coccygeal vertebrae provide balance, absence of bones, claws/modified hairs aid grip of substrate.
What are the adaptions of powered flight?
Fused spinal vertebrae to keep body stuff during flight; lumba, sacral and a few caudal vertebrae fuse into solid structure (synsacrum).
Furculum where main flight muscles attach to provide strength to thoracic region.
Elimination of bones (E.g. Short tail bone)
Pneumatic bones show honeycomb shape.
Beaks instead of mandibles reduce weight.
Feathers aid flight.
What are the adaptations of hopping/leaping?
Specialised hind limbs develop, such as long bones and large muscle mass.
Elastic tendons support flexibility.
Reduction in digit numbers on hung limbs.
Stiffened spine to resist shock.
Fusion of cervical vertebrae + long counterbalancing tail in certain species.
What are the adaptions of gliding?
PATAGIUM - Webbing of skin between front and hind limb
Light skeleton
Cartilaginous wrists to reduce drag and direct movement
Modified tail to direct movement
