Endoskeletons of animals

Question 1

What is the endoskeleton made up of?

Answer 1

Cartilage, Bone, Tendons and Ligaments.

Question 2

What is an Axial Bone?

Answer 2

Bones that make the head/trunk of the body. I.E. Skull, spine and ribcage.

Question 3

What is an Appendicular Bone?

Answer 3

Bones found in the fore/hind limbs. I.E. Pelvis, pectoral, girdles and limbs.

Question 4

What are the 5 main types of bones?

Answer 4

Long, Short, Irregular, Flat and Sesamoid.

Question 5

What are the functions of long bones?

Answer 5

To aid movement and strength. i.e. Femur, Humerus…

Question 6

What are the functions of short bones?

Answer 6

Aids limited movement and strength. i.e. Carpal and Tarsal bones…

Question 7

What are the functions of flat bones?

Answer 7

Aids in protection. i.e. Skull, ribs, pelvis and scapula.

Question 8

What are the functions of irregular bones?

Answer 8

To aid muscle attachment, serve as anchor points with similar structure to short bones. Less uniform shape. i.e Verterbrae

Question 9

What are the functions of sesamoid bones?

Answer 9

Short, irregular bones that must be embedded into a tendon. Aids decreasing friction and pressure of the tendon as it passes proximity to a joint. i.e. patella

Question 10

What are the five regions of the backbone?

Answer 10

Cervical, Throracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal.

Question 11

What are the functions of the backbone?

Answer 11

-Provides support to limbs
-Protects spinal chord (by forming channel called vertebral canal)

Question 12

How many regions are in the AVIAN backbone

Answer 12

5 regions

Question 13

What are the 5 regions of the avian backbone?

Answer 13

Cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, Synsacrum, Caudal Vertebrae, Pygostyle

Question 14

What is the structure of compact bone?

Answer 14

Dense material that creates hard structure of bone, encases spongy bone/bone marrow as protection

Question 15

What is the structure of spongy bone?

Answer 15

Honeycomb shape gives bone lightness and strength. Found on end of long bones and is majority of bone tissue on limb girdles, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and skull.

Question 16

What is bone marrow?

Answer 16

What fills the space between the spongy bone and where red blood cells are stored and made.

Question 17

What does the Forelimb include?

Answer 17

The bones from the shoulder blade, down through the limb to the phalanges.

TO BE NOTED: Dogs and cats DO NOT HAVE COLLAR BONES.

Question 18

What are the differences between mammalian and avian skeletons?

Answer 18

Bones in a birds skeleton are pneumatic, meaning they include spaces filled with air and reinforced with a honeycomb structure.

Question 19

Do bird bones contain marrow?

Answer 19

Yes, containing fatty tissue and blood-forming cells but only found in the radius, ulna, femur, tibiotarsus, scapula, furcula (clavicles) and caudal vertebrae.

Question 20

Where and why are some bird bones fused?

Answer 20

Fused vertebrae, collarbones and pelvis in order to increase their stability.