The muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three properties of skeletal muscle?

A

Extensibility
Elasticity
Contractability

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2
Q

Define extensibility

A

The ability of muscle tissue to lengthen

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3
Q

Define Elasticity

A

The ability of the muscle to return to its normal resting length once it has been stretched.

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4
Q

Define contractability

A

The capacity for a muscle to contract or shorten forcibly when stimulated by nerves and hormones.

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5
Q

What are the three functions of the skeletal muscle?

A

Movement
Support and posture
Heat production

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6
Q

How does skeletal muscles cause movement?

A

Attach to the bone, against which they pull to enable movement.

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7
Q

How does skeletal muscle affect posture?

A

Muscles are in a constant state of contraction.

Muscles in legs and torso contract statically to maintain balance.

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8
Q

How does the skeletal muscle assist heat production?

A

The contraction of skeletal muscle involves the production of energy. In breaking down glycogen to produce this energy, heat is produced.

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9
Q

List the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres.

A
Red
Contract slowly
Aerobic
Endurance based
Can contract repeatedly
Exert less force
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10
Q

List the characteristics of fats twitch muscle fibres.

A
White
Contract rapidly
Anaerobic
Speed/strength based
Easily exhausted
Exert greater force
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11
Q

What is another name for Type 2a muscle fibres?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

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12
Q

What is another name for type 2b muscle fibres?

A

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibres

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13
Q

Give examples of the exercises that are performed by type 2a muscle fibres?

A

200m swim or 800m run

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14
Q

Describe the characteristic of type 2a muscle fibres.

A

Can pick up certain type 1 characteristics through endurance training.
Tend to have a greater resistance to fatigue.

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15
Q

Type 2b muscle fibres are much bigger than type 2b. What else is different in their biological make-up?

A

The motor neurone that carries the impulse is much larger.

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16
Q

What activities use type 2b muscle fibres?

A

Power lifters and sprinters. Activities of very high intensity as they have a much stronger force of contraction.

17
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

It holds all the individual muscle fibres together. It also encases the entire muscle forming tendons.

18
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscles to bones.

19
Q

Describe the anatomical make-up of tendons.

A

They vary in length and are composed of parallel fibres of collagen.

20
Q

What is the origin?

A

The end of the muscle attached to a stable bone against which the muscle can pull (usually a flat bone).

21
Q

What is the insertion?

A

The muscle attachment on the bone that the muscle puts into action.

22
Q

Describe the antagonistic muscle action?

A

Fixator muscles stabilise the origin so that the agonist can achieve maximum and effective contraction.

23
Q

What do neutralisers do in the antagonistic muscle action?

A

They prevent any undesired movement which may occur.

24
Q
State the other muscle of the following in an antagonistic pair.
Pectorals
Anterior deltoids
Trapezius
Rectus abdominus
A

Lattisimus dorsi
Posterior deltoids
Deltoids
Erector spinalis

25
Q
State the other muscle of the following in an antagonistic pair.
Quadriceps group
Tibialis anterior
Biceps brachii
Wrist flexors
A

Hamstring group
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Trcieps brachii
Wrist extensors

26
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

27
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

The muscles lengthen while contracting.

28
Q

When is an eccentric contraction used?

A

In an antagonistic pairing when the muscle are performing an exercise with weight. The antagonist in the movement will eccentrically contract in order to control the movement.

29
Q

If there was not an eccentric contraction performed by the antagonist what would happen during a weighted movement?

A

The movement would not be controlled and would likely cause injury because it would be performed too quickly.

30
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

The muscles shorten while contracting.

31
Q

What is plyometrics?

A

A type of strength training based on a muscle contracting eccentrically.

32
Q

Describe an isometric contraction.

A

A muscle contracting without actively or visibly lengthening or shortening.

33
Q

What is an isometric contraction also known as?

A

A static contraction.

34
Q

The majority of muscles in the body are constantly isometrically contracting. Why is this?

A

They contract to maintain posture.