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pe unit 1 > the muscular system > Flashcards

the muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • body function
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2
Q

movement

A
  • kicking, throwing, walking
  • muscles contract and relax around joints and bones which allows movement to occur
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3
Q

posture

A
  • abdominal and back muscles hold the body upright
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4
Q

body functions

A
  • the digestive system is surrounded by smooth muscles and utilizes muscle contractions
  • the diaphragm assists in breathing
  • cardiac muscles pump the heart
  • skeletal muscles moves the body
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5
Q

types of muscle

A
  • skeletal (voluntary control)
  • smooth (involuntary control)
  • cardiac (involuntary control)
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6
Q

types of muscle contraction

A

tension develops in a muscle
- isotonic
- isometric
- isokinetic

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7
Q

isotonic contraction

A
  • controlled lengthening and shortening of the muscle
  • concentric
  • eccentric
  • motion occurs
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8
Q

concentric

A
  • tension develops while muscle shortens
  • causes joint movement
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9
Q

eccentric

A
  • tension develops while muscle lengthens
  • controls joint movement
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10
Q

isometric contraction

A
  • tension develops in muscle but there is no change in muscle length
  • static contraction
  • no movement occurs at the joint
  • stops joint movement
  • holding a plank, pushing a wall
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11
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A
  • the relationship of muscles working in pairs
  • when two muscles work together to create a movement
  • one contracts (shortens) whilst the other relaxes (lengthens)
  • agonist
  • antagonist
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12
Q

agonist

A
  • is the muscle that is pulling
  • prime mover
  • directly responsible for the movement at a joint
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13
Q

antagonist

A
  • is the muscle that is relaxing
  • muscle that is relaxing
  • has the opposite action to the agonist
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14
Q

points of attachment for muscles

A
  • origin
  • insertion
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15
Q

origin

A

the site where a muscle is attached to a stable bone which the muscles pull again

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16
Q

insertion

A

where the muscle attaches to a bone that is moved by the action of the muscle

17
Q

stabilisers

A

the muscles which provide support across joints

18
Q

muscle arrangement

A
  • muscle
  • muscle fibre
  • myofibril
  • sarcomere
  • actin - myosin
19
Q

features of muscles

A
  • nervous control: nerves control muscle action
  • contractility: muscles contract and become thicker
  • extensibility: muscles have the capacity to stretch when force is applied
  • elasticity: muscles can return to their original size and shape once stretched
  • atrophy: muscles can decrease in size as a result of injury, illness or lack of exercise
  • hypertrophy: muscles can increase in size with an increase in activity
20
Q

myofibril

A
  • the part of the muscle containing filaments
  • it runs the length of the muscle fibre and contains actin and myosin filaments
21
Q

sarcomere

A
  • the functional unit of the myofibril
  • divided into I, A and H bands
  • when the muscle contracts, the h-zone and the i band both decrease as the z lines are pulled together
22
Q

z line

A

separates each sarcomere

23
Q

h zone

A

the centre of the sarcomere

24
Q

i bands

A

where the actin filaments align

25
Q

a band

A

where the myosin filaments align

26
Q

actin

A

a thin contractile filament containing ‘active’ or ‘binding’ sites.

27
Q

myosin

A

a thick contractile protein filament with protrusions known as myosin heads

28
Q

what causes actin filaments to move?

A
  • the actin filament slides over the myosin
  • the myosin filaments contain tiny globular heads, called cross bridges which attach to the actin filaments and pull on them to create movement
29
Q

atp

A
  • Adenosine TriPhosphate
  • energy for the body
  • ATP > ADP releases energy
30
Q

slow twitch muscle fibres

A
  • type 1
  • red in colour
  • used for aerobic, endurance activities
  • small fibre size
31
Q

fast twitch oxidative

A
  • type 2a
  • pinkish colour
  • anaerobic (long term)
  • medium fibre size
32
Q

fast twitch glycolytic

A
  • type 2b
  • white colour
  • anaerobic (short term)
  • large fibre size.
33
Q

(activation) all or nothing principle

A

states that when the electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold all of the fibres of that motor unit will contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible

34
Q

(recruitment) size principle

A

motor units are recruited in order from smallest to largest depending on the intensity of the force being applied

pe unit 1 (4 decks)

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