the muscular system Flashcards
1
Q
types of muscles
A
- cardiac muscles
- skeletal muscles
- smooth muscles
2
Q
characteristics of cardiac muscles
A
- does not fatigue
- involuntary
- myogenic
eg walls of heart
3
Q
characteristics of skeletal muscles
A
- fatiguing
- voluntary
- contract by impulses sent by the brain
eg triceps, biceps, deltoids, gluteals
4
Q
characteristics of smooth muscles
A
- involuntary
- controlled by the nervous system
- control body functions eg movement of food / blood
eg arteries, veins, bladder, stomach, intestines
5
Q
antagonistic muscle pairs
A
- when a muscle contracts it exerts a pulling force on the bones it’s attached too, causing them to move.
- muscles must cross the joints that they move, if a muscle does not cross a joint, no movement will occur.
- when a muscle contracts, one end is normally stationary, while the other is drawn towards it.
- the stationary is know as the origin and the end that moves is called the insertion
- muscles do not work in isolation, they are assembled in groups to create movement.
- they only act by contracting and relaxing, they do not push
6
Q
agonist
A
the muscle that contracts (prime mover)
7
Q
antagonist
A
the muscle that relaxes
8
Q
synergist
A
a muscle or group of muscles that assists the agonist to work effectively eg the soleus for the gastrocnemius in dorsiflexion at the ankle
9
Q
fixator
A
a muscle or group of muscles that stabilise the joint
eg the trapezius during a bicep curl to stop the scapula from moving
10
Q
types of muscle contractions
A
- isometric
- concentric (isotonic)
- eccentric (isotonic)
11
Q
isometric
A
- very little or no movement
- muscle contracts
- it does not change in length, stays the same
eg a plank, wall-sit, scrum (stationary)
12
Q
concentric (isotonic)
A
- muscle contracts and shortens
- known as the upwards phase of a movement (positive phase)
eg upwards phase of bicep curl / press-up / squat
13
Q
eccentric (isotonic)
A
- muscle lengthens
- known as the downwards phase in a movement (negative phase)
eg downwards movement of a bicep curl / press-up / squat
14
Q
fibre types
A
- type 1
- type 2a
- type 2x
15
Q
type 1
A
- slow twitch
- contracts slowly
- contracts with less force
- most resistant to fatigue
- suited to longer duration, aerobic activities
- rich blood supply
- many mitochondria
- high capacity for aerobic respiration
eg endurance offence; marathon, triathlon