responses and adaptations of muscular system

Question 1

responses of muscular system to a single sport or exercise session

Answer 1

increased blood supply
increased muscle temperature
increased muscle pliability
lactate accumulation
DOMS
micro tears

Question 2

increased blood supply

Answer 2

muscles require oxygen during exercise. oxygen is transported in blood via red blood cells. Here, the process of vascular shunting occurs. Arteries in the muscles vasodilate to allow an increased passage. arteries in areas like the digestive system vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow

Question 3

increased muscle temperature

Answer 3

during exercise, muscles need energy from fuels such as fats and carbohydrates. chemical reactions break these fuels down, producing heat as a waste product. heat produced is a direct representation of how hard the body is working. warm ups are used to prepare the muscles for exercise by gradually increasing their temperature

Question 4

increased muscle pliability

Answer 4

as muscles are warmed up, they become more pliable and flexible. pliable muscles are less likely to suffer from injuries such as muscle strains. an increase in pliability will improve joint flexibility

Question 5

lactate accumulation

Answer 5

lactic acid is a waste product during anaerobic exercise. the build up of lactic acid causes a burning sensation and rapid fatigue. lactic acid impedes muscle contraction if it is not removed quick enough

Question 6

DOMS

Answer 6

delayed onset of muscular soreness is the pain felt 24-48 hours after strenuous exercise. it is caused by micro tears that occur during exercise (particularly if you are not used to the intensity). it is associated where eccentric muscle contractions has occurred

Question 7

micro tears

Answer 7

during resistance training you place stress on muscles, resulting in micro tears in muscle fibre. micro tears cause swelling in the muscle. this puts pressure on the. nerve endings, resulting in pain

Question 8

adaptations of the muscular system to exercise

Answer 8

muscular hypertrophy
increased tendon strength
increased number and size of mitochondria
increase in myoglobin stores
increase storage of glycogen
increase storage of fats

Question 9

muscular hypertrophy

Answer 9

when muscles overload, they will increase in size and strength. they will increase in size as muscle fibres get larger by increasing in protein in the muscle cell. by increase in strength the muscle can contract with greater force

Question 10

increased tendon strength

Answer 10

tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue designed to withstand tension. tendons connect muscle to bone. like your muscles, tendons adapt to regular exercise. when we exercise our tendons are able to increase in strength and flexibility. this allows muscles to contract and stretch further, which preventing strains

Question 11

increased number and size of mitochondria

Answer 11

when muscles are overloaded, they get bigger. within the muscle fibres are tiny structures called mitochondria (site for energy production). it is where aerobic respiration takes place. by increasing the size of a muscle and its fibres, there is room for more and larger mitochondria, improving aerobic performance

Question 12

increase in myoglobin stores

Answer 12

myoglobin is a type of haemoglobin that carries oxygen and is found in the muscle. it carries oxygen through the muscle, to the mitochondria. exercise can increase the amount of myoglobin stored in muscles. as myoglobin carries oxygen through the muscle, to the mitochondria, we can say the more myoglobin, the more energy via aerobic respiration

Question 13

increase storage of glycogen

Answer 13

your body needs a constant and steady supply of glycogen in order to produce energy. carbohydrates are eaten, broken down into glucose and stored as glycogen. as your body adapts to exercise, you are able to store more glycogen. this allows you to train at high intensities for longer durations

Question 14

increase storage of fats

Answer 14

when our glycogen stores become depleted, usually after 90+ minutes of continuous aerobic exercise, we begin to burn fats. this process is called beta oxidation. a performer may ‘hit the wall’ when burning fats. this is because a molecule of fat requires 15% more oxygen to break it down. this, less oxygen attends the working muscles. a trained athlete can use fats as a fuel more effectively

Question 15

increase tolerance to lactate

Answer 15

anaerobic training stimulates the muscles to become better able to tolerate lactic acid. with endurance training, the capillary network extends to allow greater volumes of blood (oxygen and nutrients) to supply the muscle. the body becomes more efficient at using oxygen and therefore prolonging the build up of lactic acid

Question 16

additional factors affecting the muscular system

Answer 16

age
cramp

Question 17

age

Answer 17

as you get older your muscle mass decreases. the reduction of muscle mass begins around 50. its referred to as sarcopenia. muscles become smaller, power and strength decreases

Question 18

cramp

Answer 18

cramp is an involuntary contraction of your muscle. you have no control over a tightening muscle fibre and it can be painful. the lower legs are the most susceptible and can also for up to 10 minutes. this is caused by dehydration, inadequate blood supply, warm environments, already tight muscle groups, loss in electrolytes such as salt