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The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

basic functions of the muscular system

A
  1. moving and stabilising our body
  2. moving and storing substances within the body
  3. maintenance of normal body temperature
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2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long thin contractile fibres, striated
multi-nucleated
parallel fibers
under voluntary control
attached to bones of the skeleton by tendons

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3
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

allow movement breathing facial expressions singing talking writing posture heat production and joint stability

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4
Q

muscle fiber

A

a single muscle cell
made up of myofibrils

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5
Q

myofibril

A

made up of thick and thin filaments
striated due to the arrangement of thick and thin filaments (seen as alternating light and dark bands)

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6
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

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7
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell cytoplasm

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8
Q

sarcomeres

A

length of each myofibril is divided into repeating units called sarcomeres
functional unit of the muscle

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9
Q

connective tissues of muscles

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
fascia

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10
Q

endomysium

A

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fibre
allows room for capillaries and nerve fibres to reach each muscle fibre
provide extracellular environment for the muscle fibres and its associated nerve endings

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11
Q

perimysium

A

thicker layer of connective tissue
contains fascicles that are bundles of muscle fibres
carries large nerves and blood vessels

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12
Q

epimysium

A

fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle
outer surface grades into fascia
inner surface send projections between fascicles to form perimysium

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13
Q

fascia

A

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighbouring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

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14
Q

sites of muscle attachment

A

bones
cartilage
connective tissue coverings

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15
Q

tendon vs aponeuroses

A

both connect muscle to bone
tendon- cord like structure allows movement and flexibility
aponeuroses- sheet like structure gives strength and stability

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16
Q

types of muscle attachments

A

indirect
direct

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17
Q

indirect attachment

A

tendons- close the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment
strong structural continuity from muscle to bone

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18
Q

direct attachment

A

little separation between muscle and bone
muscle emerges directly from the bone

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19
Q

origin

A

where fixed ends of a skeletal muscle attached
(bones, connective tissue sheaths or bands)

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20
Q

insertion

A

where the movable ends of a skeletal muscle attaches

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21
Q

types of muscles according to their action

A

agonists
antagonists
synergist

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22
Q

agonists

A

prime mover
muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for movement

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23
Q

synergist

A

muscle that helps agonists work efficiently
provide additional pull or stabilise the origin

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24
Q

fixators

A

type of synergist
assists by preventing movement at another joint

25
antagonist
muscle whose action opposes a particular agonist
26
types of muscles according to their action
intrinsic muscles- entirely contained within a region both its origin and insertion there extrinsic muscles- act on a designated region but has its origin elsewhere
27
axial muscles
position head and spinal column move ribcage and assist in breathing
28
appendicular muscle
stabilise or move appendicular skeleton
29
what information does muscle terminology provide
location position/ direction/ fascicle organisation action structural characteristics
30
organisation of the fascicles
strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles
31
types of organisation of fascicles
parallel muscles convergent muscles unipennate, bipennate, multipennate muscles circular muscles
32
parallel muscles
fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis
33
convergent muscles
fascicles extending over broad area converge on common attachment site versatile- different parts can pull different directions does not pull as hard on attachment as parallel muscles
34
pennate muscle
fascicles form angle with the tendon fibers pull at angle tendons move less than in parallel muscle more myofibrils than same sized parallel muscle produces more tension
35
circular muscle/ sphincter
fascicles in concentric circles contraction decreases diameter of opening
36
skeletal muscle properties
excitability (electrical property) conductivity (electrical property) contractility (mechanical property) extensibility (mechanical property) elasticity
37
excitability
ability to receive and respond to a stimulus respond by producing electrical signals such as action potentials action potential is a brief self propagating process
38
conductivity
propagation of action potential action potential spreads in both directions from the point of stimulus
39
contractility
ability to shorten when stimulated a single action potential leads to a brief contraction followed by relaxation -> muscle twitch slow / fast twitch muscles
40
types of muscle contraction
isotonic- muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle changes isometric- length does not change
41
types of isotonic contractions
concentric- muscle shortens eccentric- muscle lengthens
42
muscle tone
partial state of contraction of a skeletal muscle to maintain its optimal length during resting position
43
muscle tone functions
assists in maintaining good posture can store energy and release it at a later time allows for more fluid like movement of most muscles
44
extensibility
ability to stretch without being damaged
45
elasticity
ability to return to its original shape after contraction
46
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart involuntary control
47
cardiac muscle characteristics
striations single nucleus joined to another muscle cell at an intercalating disc
48
intercalated discs
allow heart cells to beat in unison desmoses/ gap junctions
49
smooth muscle characteristics
no striations spindle shaped cells single nucleus involuntary found mainly in the wall of hollow organs slows sustained and tireless
50
types of smooth muscle
visceral multi-unit
51
vesicular smooth muscle
single unit smooth muscle sheets of spindle shaped muscle fibres conduct peristalsis exhibit rhythmicity
52
multi-unit smooth muscle
function as separate units less organised cells neuro-hormonic simulation
53
similarities of smooth muscle with skeletal muscle
actin-myosin interaction calcium and ATP use triggered by membrane impulses
54
differences of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
hormones can stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction slower to contract and relax but more resistant to fatigue can change length without changing tautness
55
smallest muscle
stapedius activates stirrup (bone that sends vibrations from eardrum to inner ear)
56
largest muscle
lattisimus dorsi large flat muscle pair that covers the middle and lower back
57
longest muscle
sartorius traplike muscle that runs diagonally from waist down across the front of the thigh to the knee
58
strongest muscle
gluteus maximus muscle pair of hip that forms most of the flesh of the gluteal masseter strongest muscle based on its weight
59
fastest reacting muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle that encircles the eye and closes the eyelid

Anatomy (6 decks)

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