Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles: Anatomy > The muscoskeletal system > Flashcards

The muscoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, neck and the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two things make up the skeleton?

A

Bones and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Compare the bones in the upper and lower limbs

A

The upper limb has 1 long bone in the arm (humerous), 2 long bones in the forearm (radius and ulna), bones in the hand which is carpal bones in the wrist, metacarpals in the palm and phalanges in the fingers. Similarly, the lower limb has 1 long bond in the thigh (femur), 2 long bones in the leg (tibia and fibula), bones in the foot which is tarsals in the mid-foot, metatarsals in the forefoot and phalanges in the toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do bony features develop?

A

Bony features develop during bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the term functional in relation to bony features

A

Functional means the best shape for the job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain what is meant by an adjacent structure in relation to bony features

A

An adjacent structure is something like a tendon or another bone that applies force to a developing bone which helps to mould it’s shape. If an adjacent structure is developing at the same time as a bone, the bone has to grow around the other structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of tissue is bone made up of and what are some functions of bone?

A

Bone is made up of hard, connective tissue and some of it’s functions are:

  1. To provide support and protection
  2. Calcium metabolism
  3. Red blood cell formation
  4. Attachment for skeletal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False - cartilage is more rigid than bone?

A

False - cartilage is less rigid than bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is cartilage located in the body?

A

Cartilage is located in places where mobility is required such as at articulations (joints)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 3 types of joints and rate them from most flexible to least flexible

A
  1. Synovial (most flexible)
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Fibrous (least flexible) - e.g suture joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false - If a joint has increased mobility, it will have increased stability

A

False - If a joint has increased mobility, it will have decreased stability and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Joints have excellent sensory nerve supply. Name the sensations which are detected by the sensory receptors of the joints

A
  1. Pain
  2. Touch
  3. Temperature
  4. Proprioception (body’s ability to perceive its own position in space)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False: Periarticular arterial anastomoses are uncommon

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can damage arteries supplying joints?

A

Dislocations can damage them which seriously compromises the blood flow distal to the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are articular branches?

A

These are large named arteries near the joint which enable good arterial supply

17
Q

Name 5 different skeletal muscle types and give an example of where to find each

A
  1. Circular (orbit of the eye)
  2. Fusiform (biceps brachii)
  3. Pennate (deltoid)
  4. Quadrate (rectus abdominus)
  5. Flat (external oblique)
18
Q

Create a sentence describing the length of muscle fibres in relation to range of shortening and range of movement.

A

Longer muscle fibres have greater potential range of shortening and greater potential range of movement

19
Q

What 5 things can you use in combination to help name skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Shape
  2. Location
  3. Size
  4. Main bony attachment
  5. Main movement
20
Q

There are usually 2 points of attachment to bone, what are these called?

A
  1. Origin (on one side of joint)

2. Insertion (on other side of joint)

21
Q

What is the only thing a skeletal muscle can do?

A

Contract (this moves the origin and insertion closer together and muscle fibres shorten along the long axis)

22
Q

What usually attaches muscle to bone? Are these contractile or non-contractile?

A

Tendons - they are non-contractile

23
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

An aponeurosis is a flattened tendon, it attaches muscle to soft tissue instead of bone

24
Q

What does direction of movement depend on?

A

Direction of movement depends on which side of the joint the muscle spans. The shape of articular surface also determines possible movement (such as the ball and socket joint)

25
Q

Reflexes can be…?

A

Reflexes can be automatic or protective

26
Q

Name and explain the 2 main types of reflexes

A
  1. Flexions withdrawal reflex - This is a sudden reflex to withdraw from danger (e.g touching a hot iron, hand immediately pulls away). At spinal cord level but the brain is not involved in this reflex
  2. Stretch reflex - Normal response to being stretched is to contract (e.g knee jerk). At Spinal cord level but brain is involved
27
Q

What does the stretch reflex test?

A

It tests:

  1. The muscle
  2. Sensory nerve fibres
  3. Motor nerve fibres
  4. Spinal cord connections
28
Q

Explain the pathway of the deep tendon reflexes like the stretch reflex

A

The sensory nerve from the muscle detects a stretch and tells the spinal cord which goes to the synapse in the spinal cord between the sensory and motor nerves. The motor nerve from the spinal cord passes message to muscle to contract. The whole route taken by the action potentials is called the reflex arc. The brain is involved and prevents the reflex from being overly brisk

29
Q

Explain paralysis

A

A muscle WITHOUT a functioning motor nerve supply is “paralysed”. A paralysed muscle CANNOT contract and on examination, the muscle would have REDUCED tone

30
Q

Explain spasticity

A

This is when a muscle has an INTACT and FUNCTIONING motor nerve. The descending controls from the BRAIN are NOT working and on examination, the muscle would have INCREASED tone

31
Q

What is the difference between reduced and increased muscle tone?

A

When someone has reduced muscle tone, they can have poor posture as their muscle are floppy. Whereas someone that has increased muscle tone means that their muscle are stiff and difficult to move

32
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

This is the “wasting” of muscles as the muscle fibres become smaller reducing the muscle bulk. This develops as a result of inactivity such as:

  • Immobilisation after a fracture
  • Damage to motor nerve supply
  • Being a “couch potato”
33
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

This is the opposite to muscle atrophy, so it is when the muscles enlarge but the number of cells don’t increase. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells but each cell doesn’t actually get any bigger

Principles: Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions