Circulatory system (Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems) Flashcards
Name the two systems which make up the circulatory system
The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
Name the 3 main parts of the cardiovascular system
- Heart (pump)
- Arterial system
- Venous system
The circuit from right ventricle through the lungs to left atrium is called…?
Pulmonary circulation
The circuit from the left ventricle to the right at right atrium is called…?
Systemic circulation
Name the three types of blood vessels
Arteries, Veins and capillaries
Which side of the heart has oxygenated blood and which side has de-oxygenated blood?
The left side has oxygenated blood and the right side has de-oxygenated blood
Name the 3 layers of the heart
- Outer layer is epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
- Middle layer is myocardium (cardiac muscle layer)
- Inner layer is endocardium (continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart)
In which sequence does blood flow through the vessels?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
What are the purpose of valves?
To prevent backflow
Name the different arteries as you move down the upper limb (e.g left upper limb)
- Left subclavian artery
- Left axillary artery
- Left brachial artery
- Bifurication to give the left radial artery and the left ulnar artery
What term means contraction of the heart?
Systole
What terms means relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
Name the four valves in the heart and their position
- Tricuspid valve - Between right atrium and right ventricle
- Mitral valve - Between left atrium and left ventricle
- Pulmonary valve - Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
- Aortic valve - Between left ventricle and aorta
Describe the one normal route for electrical conduction of the heart
- Electrical impulse starts at sinoatrial node which causes both atria to contract
- Travels to the atrioventricular node at the atrioventricular septum
- Travels down the right and left bundles in the interventricular septum
- Spreads out to mycardium through conducting fibres which causes both ventricles to contract
Do arteries carry blood at high or low pressure from the heart?
High pressure
What does sympathetic tone mean?
This is the low level of contraction which is there all the time in arteries
What is an anastomoses and what is it’s purpose?
An anastomoses is where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network. Their purpose is to provide an alternative route for blood flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)
What is an arterial occlusion?
A blockage in the arteries
What layers make up the structure of an artery?
- Tunica adventitia
- Tunica media
- Tunica intima
- Elastic lamina
- Lumen
What layers make up the structure of a vein?
- Lumen
2. Valve cusps
What are true terminal arteries?
These are end arteries which are arteries that do not anastomise with adjacent arteries. So the end artery is the only arterial blood supply to a given area
What are venules and arterioles?
Venules are the smallest veins and they drain capillary
beds and join similar vessels to form small veins. Arterioles are small arteries which connect to capillaries
What does vasoconstriction and vasodilation mean?
Vasoconstriction is contraction which decreases the diameter to reduce blood flow and vasodilation is relaxation which causes widening of lumen to increase blood flow
Name 5 properties of veins
- They carry deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the heart
- They have low pressure and do not pulsate
- They have thin walls which collapse when empty
- They have valves
- They have a large capacity for expansion
What is the name given to something which splits into 2 branches and 3 branches
Bifurcation is when something splits into 2 branches and trifurcation is when something splits into 3 branches
Name the 4 parts of the aorta and how many branches do they have?
- Ascending aorta - 2 branches
- Arch of aorta - 3 branches
- Thoracic aorta - many branches
- Abdominal aorta - many branches
Where does all the systemic arterial blood enter first?
The aorta
Describe 3 properties of the aorta
- It has elastic walls which expand under pressure
- Elastic recoil which maintains peripheral flow during diastole
- Has many branches which supplies the whole body
Name the 2 positions of veins
Superficial and deep
What are capillaries?
They are simple (single layer) endothelial tubes which connect the arterial and venous sides and they allow for the exchange of materials such as gas, nutrients
What does the right lymphatic duct do and where does it go?
It drains lymph from the body’s right upper quadrant (right side of head, neck, and thorax
plus the right upper limb). At the root of the neck, it enters the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins, the right venous angle
What does the thoracic duct do?
It drains lymph from the remainder of the body
What is an important indicator of possible injury, infection, or disease in the lymphatic system?
The inflammation of lymphatic vessels and/or enlargement of lymphatic nodes
Name the 7 important components of the lymphatic system
- Lymphatic capillaries
- Lymphatic plexuses
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphoid organs
What is the term used to describe large collecting vessels in the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic trunks
What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream. This means that proteins and cellular debris don’t normally accumulate in the extracellular spaces
