Anatomy Communication

Question 1

Name the ten regions of the lower limb

Answer 1

1. Gluteal region
2. Anterior thigh region
3. Posterior thigh region
4. Anterior knee region
5. Posterior knee region
6. Anterior leg region
7. Posterior leg region
8. Anterior talocrural (ankle) region
9. Posterior talocrural (ankle) region
10. Foot region

Question 2

What position should you always imagine the patient in for anatomy?

Answer 2

The anatomical position

Question 3

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 3

Head, gaze and toes pointing anteriorly, arms adjacent to the sides with palms of the hands facing anteriorly and lower limbs close together with feet parallel.

Question 4

Name the 4 anatomical planes and describe them

Answer 4

1. Median plane - vertically down the midline of the body
2. Sagittal plane - Vertical plane which splits the body into right and left parts and is parallel to the median plane
3. Coronal plane - Vertical plane which splits the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
4. Transverse/axial plane - Horizontal plane which splits the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

Question 5

What do I mean by inferior and superior?

Answer 5

Inferior relates to a structure which is closer to the sole of the foot and superior refers to a structure which is closer to the (cranium) top of the head

Question 6

What does posterior and anterior mean?

Answer 6

Posterior refers to a structure which is closer to the back of the body and anterior refers to a structure which is at the front of the body

Question 7

What does medial and lateral mean?

Answer 7

Medial is a term used to indicate when a structure is nearer the median plane of the body and lateral is a term used to indicate when a structure is further from the median plane

Question 8

What do I mean by the terms superficial and deep?

Answer 8

Superficial is used to describe when a structure is closer to the surface of the body and deep is used to describe a structure that is further from the surface of the body

Question 9

What does proximal and distal mean?

Answer 9

Proximal is used to describe when a structure is nearer to the attachment of the limb to the body and distal is used to describe when a structure is further from the attachment of the limb to the body

Question 10

What does internal and external mean?

Answer 10

Internal is when something is nearer to the centre of the body or organ and external is when something is further from the centre of the body or organ

Question 11

What does bilateral and unilateral mean?

Answer 11

Bilateral is used to describe paired structures which have right and left parts whereas unilateral is used to describe a structure which only occurs on one side

Question 12

What word is used to describe structures which are on the same side of the body?

Answer 12

Ipsilateral

Question 13

What word is used to describe structures which are on opposite sides of the body?

Answer 13

Contralateral

Question 14

Give an example of flexion and an example of extension

Answer 14

In the knee joint, flexion is when you bend the knee joint and extension is when you straighten the knee joint

Question 15

When are the terms cranial and cauda used instead of superior and inferior, respectively?

Answer 15

Cranial and cauda are used when talking about neurology (study of nerves or nervous tissue) or embryology

Question 16

When are the terms major and minor used?

Answer 16

Major and minor are used to describe structures which have the same name but one is larger (major) and one is smaller (minor)

Question 17

What do the terms opposition and reposition mean?

Answer 17

These terms are used when describing the hand. Opposition means bringing a finger and thumb to touch and reposition is the term to describe the hand going back to fingers all separated like in the anatomical position

Question 18

What does abduction and adduction mean?

Answer 18

Abduction is movement away from the body and adduction is movement towards the body (ad=down)

Question 19

What term is used to describe when a limb rotates towards the median plane?

Answer 19

Medial (internal) rotation

Question 20

What term is used to describe when a limb rotates away the median plane?

Answer 20

Lateral (external) rotation

Question 21

What term is used to describe the circular motion of a joint?

Answer 21

Circumduction

Question 22

Terms of the foot: what does eversion and inversion mean?

Answer 22

Eversion is when the sole of the foot is rotated away from the median plane and inversion is when the sole of the foot is rotated towards the median plane

Question 23

Terms of the forearm: What does supination and pronation mean?

Answer 23

Supination is when the hand is in the anatomical position (with the palm facing anteriorly) and pronation is when the forearm is rotated so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

Question 24

What is meant by depression and elevation?

Answer 24

Depression is the inferior movement and elevation is the superior movement (e.g shrugging the shoulders up and down)

Question 25

What terms are used to describe the inward and outward movement of the jaw?

Answer 25

Protrusion describes the outward movement of the jaw and retrusion describes the inward movement of the jaw

Question 26

Name the regions of the upper limb

Answer 26

1. Shoulder region
2. Arm
3. Forearm
4. Wrist
5. Hand