The multi-store model of memory Flashcards
Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What does the multi-store model suggest that memory is made up of?
Three stores linked by processing
What are the three stores that the multi-store model of memory suggests memory is made up of?
Sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory
What passes into the sensory register?
All stimuli from the environment
True/false: The sensory register comprises of several registers (sensory memory stores)
True
The sensory register comprises of several registers/sensory memory stores, one for each…
of our five senses
Coding in each store of the sensory register depends on what?
The sense
In the multi-store model of memory, coding for visual memory is…
iconic memory
In the multi-store model of memory, the store coding acoustically is…
echoic memory
What is the duration of the sensory register?
Less than half a second
What is the capacity of the sensory register?
Extremely high - there are over one hundred million cells in one eye, each storing data
Information passes further into the memory system of the sensory register if…
you pay attention to it
How is short-term memory coded?
Acoustically
What is the capacity of short-term memory
7 +/- 2 items although Cowan’s research suggests its more like 5 instead of 9
True/False: Short-term memory can only contain a certain number of things before forgetting
True
How long does short-term memory last without rehearsal?
18 seconds
Maintenance rehearsal
When we rehearse material ourselves over and over again
What is the purpose of maintenance rehearsal
It stays in our STM as long as we rehearse it - before it passes into LTM
True/False: It has been proposed that prolonged rehearsal is not needed to transfer to LTM
True
True/False: According to the multi-store model of memory, what matters about rehearsal is the amount of it (prolonged rehearsal)
True
What did Craik & Watkins find about maintenance and prolonged rehearsal?
Type of rehearsal is more important than amount
According to Craik & Watkins, elaborative rehearsal is needed for…
Long-term storage
According to Craik & Watkins, when does elaborative rehearsal occur?
When you link information to your existing knowledge or when you think about what it means
According to Craik & Watkins, information can be transferred to LTM with/without prolonged rehearsal
without
What do Craik & Watkins’s findings suggest?
The multi-store model does not fully explain how LTM storage is achieved
What is the capacity of long-term memory according to the multi-store model?
It is a potentially permanent memory store
What kind of information is stored in long-term memory according to the multi-store model?
Information that has been rehearsed for a prolong time
How is long-term memory coded?
Semantically
What is the duration of long-term memory?
It may be up to a lifetime
What was Bahrick et al.’s research that supports the duration of long-term memory potentially being up to a lifetime?
They found that people were able to recognise the names and faces of their school classmates almost 50 years after graduating
When we want to recall information from LTM, it has to be…
transferred into STM
What is the process of transferring information from LTM into STM in order to recall it known as?
Retrieval
Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words that sound similar when we use our STM/LTM
STM
Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words with similar meanings with STM/LTM
LTM
Studies into coding, capacity and duration show that STM and LTM are combined/separate memory stores
separate
Which part of the brain do we now know to be the central memory function?
Hippocampus
Which part of his brain did HM have removed?
Hippocampus
When HM’s memory was assessed, he thought the year was how much younger than he actually was?
27
When HM’s memory was assessed, he had very little/lots of recall of the operation
very little
When HM’s memory was assessed, it was found that he could/could not form new long-term memories
could not
True/False: HM would read the same magazine repeatedly without remembering and couldn’t recall what he had eaten earlier the same day
True
True/False: HM performed awfully on tests of STM
False: He performed well on tests of STM
Why is the fact that many studies that support MSM don’t use materials such as people’s faces, names, facts, places, etc. a criticism?
These are the types of memories we make in everyday life
What materials did Jacobs use in his study supporting the multi-store model of memory?
Digits and letters
What materials did Baddeley use in his study supporting the multi-store model of memory?
Words
What materials did Peterson & Peterson use in his study supporting the multi-store model of memory?
Consonant syllables that have no meaning
Why may the multi-store model of memory not be a valid model of how memory works in everyday life?
In everyday life we have to remember more meaningful information
True/False: There is no evidence of more than one STM store
False, there is evidence of more than one STM store, unlike there only being one as suggested in the MSM
Who did Shallice and Warrington study?
KF
True/False: KF had amnesia
True
Shallice and Warrington found that KF’s STM for digits was very good/poor when they were read out loud to him
poor
Shallice and Warrington found that KF’s STM for digits was much better when they were read out loud to him/he read them to himself
he read them to himself
KF and further studies showed there could be another STM store for…
non-verbal sounds such as noises
The fact that further studies show there could be another STM store for non-verbal sounds such as noises suggests that the MSM is…
wrong in claiming there is just one STM store processing different information (visual, auditory, etc.)
