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Psychology - IN FOCUS Memory > Improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: Cognitive interview > Flashcards

Improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: Cognitive interview Flashcards

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1
Q

Fisher & Geiselman argued that…

A

EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing witnesses

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2
Q

Fisher & Geiselman recommended that the police used technique based on what when interviewing eye witnesses?

A

Psychological insights into how memory works

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3
Q

What did Fisher & Geiselman call the techniques based on psychological insights into how memory works collectively?

A

Cognitive interview

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4
Q

Cognitive interview indicates its foundation in what?

A

Cognitive psychology

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5
Q

What is the first stage of cognitive interview?

A

Report everything

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6
Q

What is the second stage of cognitive interview?

A

Reinstate the context

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7
Q

What is the third stage of cognitive interview?

A

Reverse the order

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8
Q

What is the fourth stage of cognitive interview?

A

Change perspective

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9
Q

Cognitive interview: What are witnesses encouraged to do in report everything?

A

Include every single detail of the event

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10
Q

When asked to ‘report everything’ in cognitive interview, why witnesses are encouraged to include every single detail of the event even if…

A

it may seem relevant . the witness doesn’t feel confident about it

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11
Q

In cognitive interview, why are witnesses asked to ‘report everything’?

A

Seemingly trivial details may be important

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12
Q

In regards to EWT, why may a seemingly trivial detail be important?

A

May trigger other important memories

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13
Q

What is meant by ‘reinstate the context’ in cognitive interview?

A

The witness should return to the original crime scene ‘in their mind’

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14
Q

What should people do when being asked to ‘reinstate the context’ and return to the original crime scene ‘in their mind’ in cognitive interview?

A

Imagine the environment and their emotions

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15
Q

Imaging the environment and their emotions is an example of what in cognitive interview?

A

Reinstate the context

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16
Q

Which type of forgetting is ‘reinstate the context’ related to in cognitive interview?

A

Context-dependent forgetting

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17
Q

What is meant by ‘reverse the order’ in cognitive interview?

A

Events should be recalled in a different order from the original sequence

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18
Q

Recalling events from the final point back to the beginning is an example of what in cognitive interview?

A

Reverse the order

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19
Q

Recalling interviews from the middle to the begging is an example of what in cognitive interview?

A

Reverse the order

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20
Q

Why are people asked to ‘reverse the order’ in cognitive interview?

A

To prevent people reporting their expectations of how the event must have happened rather than the actual events

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21
Q

Which technique in cognitive interview is used to prevent people from reporting their expectations of how the event must have happened instead of the actual event?

A

‘Reverse the order’

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22
Q

Which technique in cognitive interview is used to prevent dishonesty

A

‘Reverse the order’

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23
Q

How does ‘reverse the order’ prevent dishonesty in cognitive interview?

A

it’s harder for people to produce an untruthful account if they have to reverse it

24
Q

What is meant by ‘change perspective’ in cognitive interview?

A

Witnesses should recall the incident from other people’s perspectives

25
Q

Recalling the incident by thinking about how it would have appeared to other witnesses is an example of which technique in cognitive interview?

A

Change perspective

26
Q

Why are witnesses asked to recall the incident from other people’s perspectives in cognitive interview?

A

To disrupt the effect of expectations and also effect the effect of schema and recall

27
Q

Which cognitive interview technique is done to disrupt the effect of expectatoins?

A

Change perspective

28
Q

Which cognitive interview technique is done to disrupt the effect of schema and recall?

A

Change perspective

29
Q

How does ‘change perspective’ disrupt the effect of schema in cognitive interview?

A

The schema you have for a particular setting generates expectations of what would have happened - it is the schema that is recalled rather than what actually happened

30
Q

The schema you have for a particular setting generate ____________ of what would have happened (eye witness testimony)

A

expectations

31
Q

Why do your schema for a particular setting generate expectations of what would have happened in cases of eyewitness testimony?

A

It is the schema that recalled rather than what actually happened

32
Q

Who developed some additional elements of the CI?

A

Fisher et al.

33
Q

Why did Fisher et al. develop some additional elements of the CI?

A

To focus on the social dynamics and interaction

34
Q

The interviewer needing to know when to establish eye contact and when to relinquish it is an example of what developed by Fisher et al?

A

Additional elements of cognitive interview

35
Q

Give 2 examples of additional elements/ideas suggested by Fisher et al. for cognitive interview

A

Any 2 from reducing eyewitness anxiety, minimising distractions, getting a witness to speak slowly and asking open-ended questions

36
Q

What did Köhnken perform regarding cognitive interview?

A

A meta-analysis

37
Q

Köhnken’s meta-analysis of evidence about cognitive interview combined data from how many studies?

A

55

38
Q

Köhnken’s meta-analysis compared what?

A

The CI and ECI with standard police interview

39
Q

In Köhnken’s meta-analysis of studies on cognitive interview, only _ studies in the analysis showed what?

A

4, no difference between the types of interview

40
Q

In Köhnken’s meta-analysis of studies on cognitive interview, CI gave an average __%increase in accurate information compared with standard interview

A

41

41
Q

The fact that Köhnken’s meta-analysis of studies on cognitive interview found that CI gave a 41% increase in accurate information compared with standard interview shows that CI is an effective technique in…

A

helping witnesses to recall information that is available but not immediately accessible in memory

42
Q

Köhnken found that CI is an effective technique in helping witnesses to recall information that is _________ but not immediately __________ in memory

A

available, accessible

43
Q

Köhnken found an increase in the amount of what recalled by participants?

A

Inaccurate information

44
Q

Köhnken found an increase in the amount of inaccurate information recalled by participants, particularly with ECI/CI

A

ECI

45
Q

Köhnken’s finding that there was an increase in the amount of inaccurate information recalled by participants suggests that cognitive interviews may sacrifice…

A

quality of EWT in favour of quantity

46
Q

Köhnken’s findings suggest that cognitive interviews may sacrifice quality of EWT in favour of quantity, or in other words…

A

the accuracy for amount of details

47
Q

Köhnken’s findings about the increase in the amount of inaccurate information recalled by witnesses being interviewed using CI suggest that police officers should…

A

treat eyewitness evidence from CIs/ECIs with caution

48
Q

Milne & Bull said that…

A

not all elements of cognitive interview are equally effective or useful

49
Q

Milne & Bull found that each of the four techniques in cognitive interview used alone produce…

A

more information than the standard police interview

50
Q

Milne & Bull found that using a combination of which techniques in cognitive interview produced a better recall than any other element combinations?

A

Report everything and reinstate the context

51
Q

Milne & Bull’s findings confirmed police officers’ suspicions that…

A

some aspects of the CI are more useful than others

52
Q

Milne & Bull’s findings cast some doubt about the overall credibility of what?

A

The overall cognitive interview

53
Q

Why may police officers be reluctant to use CI?

A

It takes more time and training than the standard police interview

54
Q

With cognitive interview, more time is needed to establish rapport with a witness and allow them to…

A

relax

55
Q

Cognitive interview requires what that many forces do not have the resources to provide more than a few hours of?

A

Special training

56
Q

The fact that cognitive interview takes more time and training than the standard police interview suggests that complete existence of CI is not a…

A

realistic method for police officers to use

57
Q

The fact that cognitive interview takes more time and training than the standard police interview suggests that complete existence of CI is not a realistic method for police officers to use, and it might be better to…

A

focus on a few key elements

Psychology - IN FOCUS Memory (4 decks)

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