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ZOO 111 (Invertebrates) > The Molluscs > Flashcards

The Molluscs Flashcards

1
Q

one of the largest and most diverse phyla in the animal kingdom, with over 100 000 extant species and about 70 000 fossil species

A

phylum

Mollusca

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2
Q

the Latin word

mollia, means?

A

Soft

which alludes to the typically soft bodies of Molluscs

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3
Q

True or False

phylum Mollusca contains
several taxa that are extremely dissimilar looking.

A

True

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4
Q

What forms a mantle, which secretes calcareous spicules or one or more shells

A

Dorsal epithelium

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5
Q

cuticular band of teeth in the esophagus, used for feeding

A

radula

tho not present in bivalves

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6
Q

ventral body wall muscles develop into a….

A

locomotory or clinging foot

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7
Q

How many described living species?

A

100,000

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8
Q

How many fossils species

A

70,000

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9
Q

True or False

the molluscan body plan probably the most malleable in the animal kingdom

A

True

Dissimilar-looking organisms

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10
Q

thin, outer organic layer

A

Periostracum

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11
Q

thick, calcareous middle layer

A

Prismatic layer

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12
Q

thin, innermost calcareous layer

A

Nacreous layer

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13
Q

Both the organic and inorganic components of the shell are secreted by specialized tissue
known as

A

Mantle

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14
Q

How are pearls formed

A

a grain of sand, parasite, or other foreign particle becomes trapped between the mantle
and the shell’s inner surface

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15
Q

usually houses the comblike molluscan gills

serves as the exit site for the excretory, digestive, and reproductive systems

A

Mantle Cavity

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16
Q

comblike molluscan gills are known as

A

Ctenidia (G: comb)

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17
Q

True or False

A Ctenidium (gill) may have a purely respiratory function or collection and sorting of
food particles
A

True

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18
Q

A chemoreceptor/tactile receptor generally

located adjacent to the ctenidium is known as

A

Osphradium (G: smell)

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19
Q

What are the feeding apparatuses?

A

R - radula
O - odontophore
M - mouth
E - esophagus

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20
Q

odontophore-radular assembly + complex musculature

A

Buccal mass

(bucca = L: cheek), or the Odontophore Complex

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21
Q

consists of a firm ribbon composed of chitin and protein, along which are found numerous rows of sharp, chitinous teeth

A

Radula

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22
Q

The ribbon is produced from a Radular sac and is underlain by a supportive cartilage-like structure called

A

Odontophore ( G: tooth bearer)

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23
Q

Feeding of molluscs is through

A

rasping

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24
Q

True or False

As old teeth are worn down or broken off at the anterior end of the radular ribbon, new teeth are continually being formed and added onto the ribbon’s posterior end in the radular sac.

A

True

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25
Q

extends its proboscis and harpoons the fish through a “lightning strike cabal”
of toxins causing almost instantaneous immoblilization of prey.

A

. Conus striatus

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26
Q

use net strategy to capture school of fish hiding in reefs at night.

Once it
has engulfed them, it uses a “nirvana cabal of toxins” to make the fish quiescent for stinging
them and causing an irreversible neuromuscular paralysis.

A

Conus geographus

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27
Q

What class has a defining characteristics of shell that forms 7-8 separate plates

A

Class Polyplacophora

G: many plate-bearing

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28
Q

How many species does Class Polyplacophora

A

800 species

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29
Q

organs derived from mantle extending from holes of plates (light receptors or secrete periostracum)

A

Aesthetes

30
Q

True or False

Articulating plates are either partially or largely embedded from the mantle

A

True

31
Q

What releases amylase-containing secretions into the stomach

A

Pharyngeal/sugar glands

32
Q

What class has a shell that has a series of eight overlapping and articulating plates covering the dorsal surface

A

Class Polyplacophora

33
Q

A chiton’s thick lateral mantle is called

A

Girdle

34
Q

Class that is not shell bearing

A

Class Aplacophora

35
Q

Class defining characteristics:

  • cylindrical,
  • vermiform body with the foot forming a narrow keel
A

Class Aplacophora

36
Q

How many species in Class Aplacophora are in deep ocean

A

300 species

37
Q

True or False

Class Aplacophora have segmented body with numerous calcareous spines embedded in the outer cuticle

A

False

Unsegmented body

38
Q

Defining characteristics:

  • 3-6 pairs of ctenidia
  • Multiple pairs of pedal retractor muscles
  • 6-7 pairs of nephridia
A

Class Monoplacophora
G: one shell bearing

Single, unhinged limpet-shaped shell

39
Q

How many extant species of Class Monoplacophora

A

20 extant species

All marine collected at great depths of 2,000m

40
Q

Defining characteristics:
- Visceral mass and nervous system become twisted 90-180 degrees (torsion) during embryonic development

-Proteinaceous shield on the foot (operculum) to which columellar muscle attaches

A

Class Gastropoda

41
Q

A 180 degree counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity during embryonic development

Positions the gills, anus, and openings from the excretory and reproductive systems just behind the head and nerve cords, and twists the digestive tract into a “u-shape“

Allows the mouth and the anus to exit the shell at the same point

A

TORSION IN GASTROPODS

42
Q
  • Reversal of torsion
  • Takes place during the larval stage and the animal regains bilateral symmetry
  • Nervous system becomes symmetrical and not twisted in the shape of 8
  • Visceral loop and intestine becomes straightened
  • Pulmonata, Opisthobranchia
A

Detorsion

43
Q
  • Marine and freshwater snails, predominantly marine
  • Generally free-living and mobile
  • Complete torsion
A

SC Prosobranchia

G: anterior gill; snails

44
Q

Foot of SC Prosobranchia bears a rigid disc of protein called

A

operculum

45
Q
  • Soft, fleshy tube through which water is drawn into the mantle cavity and over the gill for respiration, locomotion, feeding, and reproduction
  • Equipped with chemoreceptors which “smell” or “taste” the water, in order to hunt for food
A

Siphon

46
Q

○ Includes sea hares, sea slugs, bubble shells
○ Almost all marine
○ < 1,100 species described

A

SC Opisthobranchia

G: posterior gill

47
Q
  • Sea slugs
  • use nematocysts usurped from cnidarian prey for defense
  • produce chemical defenses housed by cerata
  • Possess rhinophores in the second pair of tentacles located dorsally of the head (chemosensors)
A

ORDER NUDIBRANCHIA

48
Q
  • Sea hares
  • Found in shallow waters and rock pools
  • Prominent tentacles on the head resemble rabbit ears
  • Releases defensive secretion ink (purple) andopaline
    E.g. Aplysia, Dolabella
A

ORDER ANASPIDEA

49
Q
  • Sea butterflies

- Foot modified to produce wing-like flaps called parapodia for swimming

A

ORDER PTEROPODA

50
Q

Mantle cavity of SC Pulmonata is highly vascularized and functions as lungs through an opening called

A

pneumostome

51
Q

Few are marine; if present, in intertidal zones and estuaries only

A

SC Pulmonata

  • Mostly terrestrial or freshwater
  • Few with operculum
  • Possess long radula in keeping with herbivorous diet
  • Head bears 2 tentacles
52
Q

True or False

Torsion of SC Pulmonata can reach up to 180

A

False

Torsion limited to 90º so nervous system not greatly twisted and mantle cavity opens on the right side

53
Q

chitinous or calcareous accessory organ that are thrust into the partner during mating among pulmonate gastropods

A

Love dart

54
Q

DC:

  • Two-valved shells
  • Body is flattened laterally
A 
Class Bivalvia (~ Pelecypoda)
- G: two valved
55
Q

Class bivalvia has _____ species which includes clams, scallops, mussels, and oysters

A

> 15,000 species

  • Primarily marine, but about 10-15% are in freshwater
56
Q
  • Lack of cephalization
  • Spacious mantle cavity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Absence of radula/odontophore complex
  • Diverse feeding habit
A

Class Bivalvia

57
Q
  • Includes Nucula sp.
  • Morphologically primitive state of bivalve
  • Bipectinate gills
  • Deposit feeding
A

SC Protobranchia

G: first gill

58
Q
  • Include familiar bivalves such as clam, mussels, scallops
  • Gills modified to collect suspended food particles
  • Secretion of attachment by byssal or byssus gland in the foot
A

SC Lamellibranchia

G: plate gill; mussels

59
Q
  • Small group of carnivorous bivalves and on pieces of decomposing animal tissue
  • All very deep marine water
  • Ctenidium highly modified, lacking filaments and forming muscular septum perforated by ciliated openings
  • Feed as vacuum cleaners sucking on small crustaceans and annelids
    Stomach lined with chitin
A

SC Septibranchia

G: fence gill; shipworms

60
Q
  • DC:
    ○ tusk-shaped, conical shell open at both ends

○ development of anterior, thread-like adhesive feeding tentacle (captacula)

A

Class Scaphopoda

G: spade foot; tusk shell

61
Q

DC:
○ Shell divided by septa with chambers connected by siphuncle (yellow arrows)

○ Closed circulatory system

○ Foot modified to form flexible arms and siphon
Ganglia fused to form a large brain encased in cartilaginous cranium

A

Class Cephalopoda
G: head foot;

Includes squids, octopi, Nautilus

62
Q
  • Fast-moving, active carnivores capable of complex behavior
  • Exclusively marine
  • Derivatives of the molluscan foot are the siphon, arms and tentacles (8-10)
  • Possess two eyes with cornea, lens, iris, diaphragm and retina thus focusable and image-forming
  • Closed circulatory system with systemic and branchial hearts
A

Class Cephalopoda

63
Q

○ Soft-bodied, shell-less cephalopods

○ chromatophores overlay iridocytes

○ photophores

○ most have ink sac discharged through anus

A

Subclass Coleoidea

64
Q

colored cells

A

chromatophores

65
Q

reflective cells

A

iridocytes

66
Q

light organs

A

photophores

67
Q

True or False

female octopi have hectocotylized arms

A

False

Male octopi

68
Q

Highly modified arm that transfers spermatophores

A

hectocotylus

69
Q

Packets of sperms

A

Spermatophores

70
Q

○ 5 or 6 species possessing true shell

○ shell divided by septa into series of compartments

○ septa penetrated by siphuncle

  • cameral fluid in chambers
A
  • Subclass Nautiloidea
71
Q

calcified tube with enclosed strand of vascularized tissue

A

Siphuncle

72
Q

Movement of Subclass Nautiloidea is through

A

Jet Propulsion

ZOO 111 (Invertebrates) (4 decks)

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