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ZOO 111 (Invertebrates) > The Annelids > Flashcards

The Annelids Flashcards

1
Q
  • consists of organisms that are typically vermiform or worm shaped.
A

Phylum Annelida

Earthworms, leeches, and clam worms (polychaetes) belong to this group.

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2
Q

true or false

basic body plan of an annelid is that of an elongated structure, often tapering at the anterior and posterior ends.

A

true

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3
Q

structure that project outward from the epidermis to provide traction

made up of beta-chitin (which is flexible and tough), strengthened with sclerotized protein or inorganic material (e.g. calcium carbonate)

A

Setae

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4
Q

What is the function of setae

A

to form temporary attachment sites and prevent backsliding during locomotion in or within the substrate or burrow

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5
Q

true or false

Arthropods’ setae, and the annelid setae is morphologically similar

A

False

while arthropods have bristle-like structures also called setae, the annelid setae is morphologically different, especially in its ultrastructure

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6
Q

How many described species of phylum annelida

A

15,500 described species

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7
Q

true or false

All adults (except of sipunculans) phylum annelida possess at least one pair of chaetae

A

true

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the body segments of annelids

A

annulated or ring like

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9
Q

Anterior segment of annelids body

A

prostomium

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10
Q

Posterior segment of annelids body

A

pygidium

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11
Q

body segments in between posterior and anterior

A

Metameric

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12
Q

○ burrowing activities constantly rework the substrate in which they thrive

○ they may ingest and excrete large quantities of sediments or soils

  • keep soils aerated, and their castings fertilize the soil
A

Ecological Importance

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13
Q
  • Flexible
  • Has important role on locomotion
  • Thinner portions can serve as surface for gas exchange (moisture is a requisite)
  • Epidermal cells secrete cuticle, but remains permeable to both water and gas
A

Body wall

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14
Q

▪ Non-living layer

▪ Permeable

▪ Mainly for protection

A

Collagenous cuticle

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15
Q

▪ Living layer

▪ Layer where the chaetae is formed and anchored

▪ Contains cells that secrete the cuticle

▪ Other cells:

  • supporting cells,
  • albumin cells,
  • mucus cells,
  • basal cells
A

Simple Glandular Epidermis

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16
Q

How are chaetae formed

A

Chaetae forms from an invagination of the epidermal chaetoblast

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17
Q

− outer muscular layer − adjacent to epidermis

− contraction prompts the body to elongate while reducing overall girth

A

Circular muscles

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18
Q

− inner muscular layer
− adjacent to the gut wall
− contraction causes the body to shrink

A

Longitudinal muscles

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19
Q

true or false

cirular and longitudinal muscles act antagonistically. When one of the layers contract, the other one relaxes

A

true

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20
Q

Interior-most segment of the body

Equipped with sensory appendages

A

Prostomium

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21
Q

Segments between prostomium and pygidium

Metameric (serially repeating)

Make up most of the body

Repeating organ systems ihnerent to metameric segments

A

Body Proper

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22
Q

Posterior-most segment

Caudal end

A

Pygidium

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23
Q

thin sheets of mesodermally derived tissue that separates the segments

A

Septum

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24
Q

What is the importance of this compartmentalized coelomic fluid?

A

allows localized deformation of the body

muscle contractions in any one segment will not alter the hydrostatic pressure in other parts of the animal, making locomotion possible.

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25
Q

○ Function: Take signals from various parts of the body, process them, and create new signals to coordinate actions of different body systems

○ Components:
- Dorsal Brain/ Cerebral Ganglion

  • Ventral pair of longitudinal nerve cords (located in the prostomium)
A

Central Nervous System

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26
Q

mass of nerve cells that relay neural signals

A

Ganglia

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27
Q

True or false

Each body segment bears a pair of ganglia

A

true

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28
Q

nerve fibers protruding from ventrally located ganglia; relays signals to and from the body segments

A

Segmental Nerves

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29
Q
  • Homologous to vertebrate spinal cord

- Ventrally located cords that run from the front of the body to the tail end

A

Nerve cord

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30
Q

Eye spots

Nuchal Organ

Ciliated Lateral organs

A

Sensory Organs

31
Q

For light reception

located on the prostomium or even directed on the upper surface of the brain

A

Eye spots

32
Q

ciliated pits or short ridges at the posterior end of the prostomium

A

Nuchal Organ

33
Q

Tufts of cilia in shallow pits

Partially chemosensory

A

Ciliated Lateral organs

34
Q

Central Nervous System

Ganglia and Segmental Nerves

Nerve cord

Sensory Organs

A

Nervous System

35
Q

Protonephridia

Metanephridia

A

Excretory System

36
Q

○ Rough translation: “primitive kidneys”

○ ultrafiltration is carried out through ciliary beating

present in larval and some post-larval stages

A

Protonephridia

37
Q

○ rough translation: “second-order kidney”

○ definition: tubular excretory gland which opens at one end to the exterior, with the other end opening into the coelom or may terminate in a flame cell

A

Metanephridia

38
Q

kidney mouth; where water is drawn through action of cilia

A

Nephrostome

39
Q

salt, aa, water is resorbed

A

Convoluted tubule

40
Q

where urine and other metabolic by product comes out

A

Nephridiopore

41
Q

Takes the form of a straight tube

Supported by mesenteries

Partitioned into many regions, each with a certain function (foregut, midgut, and hindgut)

A

Digestive System

Consists of the pharynx, the esophagus, the crop, the intestine, and the gizzard

42
Q

Digestive process

A

mouth - pharynx - esophagus - crop - gizzard - intestines - blood vessels

43
Q

release calcium carbonate to rid the earthworm’s body of excess calcium.

A

calciferous glands

44
Q

Asexual modes

A
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Fission
45
Q

sexes are separate, the male and female reproductive organs being in different individuals

A

gonochoristic

46
Q

Where are segmental gametes produced?

released?

A

§ Segmental gametes are produced in the peritoneal tissue (not in gonads) and are released in coelomic cavities where they mature

47
Q

Gametes are spawned through

A

metanephridia

48
Q

true or false

Fertilization is internal

A

false

Fertilization is external

49
Q

true or false

Embryo exhibits linear cleavage

A

false

Embryo exhibits spiral cleavage

50
Q

small, translucent, free-swimming larva of marine annelids and most groups of mollusks

spherical or pear-shaped and are girdled by a ring of cilia

produced by echiurans and sipunculans but not by clitellates

A

trochophore larva

51
Q

Animals with a trocophore larval stage in their life cycle are grouped under the taxon

A

Trochozoa

52
Q

trocophore larva is defined by its taxonomy rather than its characteristic morphology

A

false

trocophore larva is defined by its characteristic morphology rather than taxonomy.

53
Q

o G: first wheel

o located around the equator of the animal

o anterior to the future mouth of the annelid

o larva’s main locomotory organ

A

Prototroch

54
Q

o G: tail wheel

o located posteriorly on what will become the terminal portion (pygidium)

A

Telotroch

55
Q

in between the 2 bands of cilia

A

Metatroch

56
Q

• Includes approximately 70% of all annelids,

predominantly marine

• Possess at least 1 pair of eyes and a pair of sensory appendages (tentacles) on the prostomium

Have proboscis with incomplete or perforated septa at the anterior

A

CLASS POLYCHAETA

57
Q

series of thin, flattened outgrowths where the body wall extends laterally

A

parapodia

○ Plays an important role in polychaete identification

○ Increase the animal’s surface area

○ Highly vascularized

○ Has important function in gas exchange

○ Has locomotory function

  • Bear chitinous acicula and siliceous, chitinous or calcareous setae/chaetae
58
Q

chitinous support rods

A

Acicula

59
Q

series of overlapping protective plates that covers the body

A

Elytra

60
Q

Class POLYCHAETA’s primary mode of reproduction is through

A

epitoky

process in which a segment of a sexually immature worm (atoke) transforms into a mature one (epitoke) then detaches to undergo sexual reproduction

61
Q

anterior portion of the original animal

immature worm

A

Atoke

62
Q

○ A sexually mature being

○ Reproductive module that detach from posterior of an atoke

○ Will comingle with other epitokes then discharge their sperm and egg

A

Epitoke

63
Q
  • Active, mobile species
  • Move through the action of the parapodia, which are operated in complex patterns as oars
  • Longitudinal muscles antagonize the longitudinal muscle on the other side → results into a rapid-eel-like movement
A

Subclass Errantia

E.g. Fireworm (Erythroe sp.)

64
Q
  • Spend their entire lives in simple burrows in the sediment or in simple rigid tubes – they live sedentary lives
  • Tubes are made up of calcium carbonate, proteins and polysaccharides
  • Parapodia and acicula are greatly reduced
A

Subclass Sedentaria

E.g. Christmas tree worm (Spirobranchus sp.)

65
Q

○ Formerly categorized as Phylum Pogonophora (G: beard bearers)

○ Defining Characteristics:
▪ gut tissue forms an organ (trophosome) that becomes filled with chemosynthetic bacteria

▪ segmentation at the posterior portion of the body called opisthosoma

○ Deep tube dwelling worms

  • Some Siboglinids (esp. vestimentiferans) are well adapted to live near hydrothermal vents
A

Family Siboglinidae

66
Q
  • G: viper tail
  • Common Name: Spoon worms
  • Recently classified as a group within Phylum Annelida, and now considered to be a subclass of Sedentaria, within the polychaete

• Defining Characteristics
○ Muscular organs (anal sacs) outpocketing from the rectum into the coelomic space bearing numerous funnels that discharge coelomic fluid through the anus

  • Unique sex determination
A

Subclass Echiura

67
Q

How many described species of subclass Echiura?

A

○ 150 described in shallow waters

68
Q

○ few mm to 50cm with extreme sexual dimorphism

○ deposit feeders with highly muscular proboscis which can be extended 25x the length of body

○ no segmentation or metamerism in extant species (only in fossil records and larval segmented nervous system)

A

Subclass Echiura

E.g. Green spoon worm (Bonellia viridis)

69
Q

• Defining Characteristics
○ pronounced cylindrical glandular region (clitellum) that plays important roles in reproduction

  • permanent gonads
A

CLASS CLITELLATA

70
Q
  • G: few setae
  • ~ 3,500 species
  • Mostly freshwater and terrestrial; few marine
  • Septa dividing coelomic cavity into semi-isolated compartments
  • Moves by peristaltic waves
  • well-segmented worms and most have a spacious body cavity (coelom) used as a hydroskeleton
  • 10,000 known species
  • Group where Earthworms belong
A

Subclass Oligochaeta

71
Q
  • G: leech
  • 500-630 described species
  • Mostly freshwater and terrestrial; few marine
  • With anterior (fused 1-4 segments) and posterior suckers (fused 25-33 segments)
  • No septa; no setae
  • Moves by looping
  • Simultaneous hermaphrodite (mutual sperm exchange)

• Internal fertilization through copulation, jabbing packets of spermatophores (for those lacking penis), or through penetration of the body wall by the spermatophores themselves

A

Subclass Hirudinea

72
Q
  • G: little tube
  • Common name: peanut worms
  • Recent molecular data suggests that they are directly linked to Annelids but the position (i.e. taxonomic rank, sister taxa, etc.) is still debated

○ Lack setae and show no trace of segmentation

○ All marine in shallow waters

○ Mostly deposit-detritus feeders

○ Gonochoristic

○ Do not secrete tubes, just form burrows or live in empty mollusc shells or polychaete tubes, in rock crevices, and calcareous substrates of coral reefs

A

THE SIPUNCULANS

• Defining Characteristics
○ Anterior part of body forming eversible and fully retractable introvert, with mouth at its end

○ Anterior tentacles connected to series of muscular sacs (compensatory sacs) that pump fluid into the tentacles.

Multicellular bodies (urns) in the coelomic fluid specialized for accumulating wastes

73
Q

How many species in THE SIPUNCULANS

A

About 350 species

ZOO 111 (Invertebrates) (4 decks)

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