Intro Flashcards
What are Invertebrates?
- Animals that lack vertebra or backbone.
- Often soft-bodied but some produce protective covering called exoskeleton.
- They do not develop a notochord during embryogenesis.
- Embryonic vertebral column
- Long flexible rod like structure
- Main function: support the body
- Beginning of the formation of the backbone
notochord
True or False
Invertebrates are are a heterogenous phyla that account for more than 99% of all species of animals
True
True or False
They show a much greater range of form and adaptations than do the vertebrates
True
Ecological importance
A. Waste Recycling. B. Basis of Ecosystems. C. Pollination. D. Food chains E. Pest control. F. Bioindicators
Making minerals and organic material available again to plants and other animals.
○ In the soil, earthworms and other invertebrates play crucial roles in the decomposition of organic matter.
- Improve the drainage, aeration and composition of the soil, thus enabling plant growth. - The decomposition of dead plants and animals including dung and fallen wood relies upon invertebrates (soil scientists and soil engineers)
Waste Recycling.
Fishes and other vertebrates (and sometimes invertebrates also) rely on these invertebrates for food and
Determine what type of ecosystem exist
Basis of Ecosystems.
a useful indicator of healthy marine ecosystems.
abundance and diversity of marine plankton
○ Many plants rely on insects to pollinate their flowers and so complete their reproductive cycle.
Pollination.
Well-known pollinators
- bumblebees,
- honeybees,
- butterflies
- hoverflies,
Less well known pollinators
- moths,
- thrips,
- beetles
- solitary bees.
Colony-Collapse disorder
Bees formed colonies, nabawasan ung worker bees, naiwan ung queen and juvenile, walang nagpopollinate ng crops = nalugi ang agricultural sector
○ Invertebrates are important components of food chains
- Krills for instance are at the bottom of the food chain.
* Determine what type of marine animals will be there
* Basis on what type of ecosystem
Food chains:
Pests can be individually targeted with specific invertebrate enemies like native ladybirds and parasitoid wasps.
Pest control.
determining the quality of our rivers and other bodies of water.
Test the toxicity of chemicals such as pesticides.
Bioindicators
What are indicators of pollutants.
Daphnia
True or False
Larva of dragonfly will thrive in a badly polluted water
False
Other bioindicators
Chironomids and dragonfly in Balili River:
- Invertebrates are agriculturally important parasites of crops
- Serve as biological agents for controlling agricultural pests such as locusts, bugs, aphids, worms, and snails.
Pest control
Agricultural importance
Scientific importance
A. Baseline data on biodiversity.
B. Model species.
C. Robotics.
They are of great taxonomic importance,
Providing clues on the progression of evolution.
They are the genetic basis for evolutionary shifts in morphology and life history
Baseline data on biodiversity.
It is more ethical to use them in laboratories because they’re much simpler organisms.
Model species.
Studies about invertebrates have taught us what (Model Species)?
control of gene expression,
design embryonic development,
control of phenotypic plasticity,
wound repair,
cell division
Detailed studies on crustacean and insect navigation and how their locomotion is controlled and coordinated may lead to design of new robots—flying, crawling.
Robotics
Studies about them have taught us what we know about Medical importance
immune recognition systems,
prophyllaxis,
control of epidemics,
genetic basis for disposition to some diseases (type II diabetes).
Many diseases of humans and animals and plants upon which we are dependent on are caused by invertebrates.
Source of biomedical substances
Spider and snail venom as specific chemical probes for studying nerve and muscle function| opening and closing of ion channels.
Medical importance
Adhesives
onychophorans
barnacles
spiders
bivalves
Anti-corrosion agents
barnacle cements
Sunblock
Mollusks’ eyes
Anti-aging and anti-microbial properties
C. elegans
Aesthetics
oyster
pearls,
shells
The pink sand in Great Sta. Cruz Island in Zamboanga which is a tourist attraction is due to crushed Tubipora musica pipe coral.
Abiotic synthesis
organic molecules into monomers (amino acids, nucleotides);
Supported by the miller-urey experiment
True or False
RNA have evolved first than DNA because of its enzymatic activity or catalytic activity
True
Can carry hereditary processes on its own
First molecule of heredity
Single stranded = easily damaged, unstable
Monomers into polymers
Amino acids = proteins
Nucleotides = nucleic acids
Fatty acids = lipids
Simple sugars/monomeric = carbs
Protobionts or protocells
aggregation of abiotically produced molecules
What created the first oxygen gas in the Earth’s atmosphere
Cyanobacteria by using CO2 and sunlight
endosymbiont (endosymbiotic) theory
popularized by Lynn Margulis.
mitochondria and plastids (a general term for chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.
Energy processing prokaryotes engulfed by another prokaryote
hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis
mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events
colony formation
explain the origin of multicellularity
the process that creates an individual cell membrane in multinucleated cells,
Cellularization
evident among protists (e.g) Opalina
- a cellular division of a multinucleate protozoan into several multinucleate daughters without nuclear division.
- Asexual
Plasmotomy
Metazoans
Earliest Multicecllular animals
Bauplan
unifying features despite the overwhelming diversity of life into basic design or ground plan
Classification by Cell Number
acellular
- Exist without a cellular structure for at least part of its life cycle
unicellular
- single-celled
multicellular
- many-celled
- “true animals” ;
- referred collectively as “metazoans”;
Classification by Body Symmetry
Asymmetrical-
Radially symmetrical
Bilaterally symmetrical
Asymmetrical-
▪ no body axis or plane of symmetry;
- amorphous (no ordered pattern to their gross morphology) - No determinate form
Radially symmetrical
▪ can be divided into two approximately equal halves by any cut that passes through its center;
▪ has no front or back end;
▪ The body parts are arranged radially around a central oral and aboral end;
▪ Radiata
-Starfish
Bilaterally symmetrical
▪ possess right and left sides that are mirror images of each of the mirror image is produced when slice is parallel to the animal’s longitudinal axis passing down the midline;
Bilateria;
concentration of nervous and sensory tissues and organs at one end ⟶ distinct anterior and posterior end
mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, producing a head region
cephalization
formation of similar body segments called metameres or somites
division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments
segmentation/metamerism
fusion of 2 or more segments to form distinct structures;
group of metameres form a specialized unit and perform a specific function
e.g. head + thorax = cephalothorax of spiders
tagmatization
