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Michaelmas Term 1 > The Microbial World And The Tree Of Life > Flashcards

The Microbial World And The Tree Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hook, Micrographia

A

1660

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2
Q

Ruska, 1931

A

First TEM

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3
Q

von Ardenne, 1937

A

First SEM

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4
Q

Describe TEM

A

Beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image

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5
Q

Describe SEM

A

Scans surface with a focussed beam of electrons

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6
Q

STM

A
  • scanning tunnelling microscope
  • imaging at the atomic level
  • Binnig and Heinrich, 1981
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7
Q

ETEM

A
  • environmental transmission microscope
  • collects electron micrographs of wet and/or uncoated specimens in the specimen chamber
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8
Q

Why might a specimen be wet/uncoated

A

Gaseous environment

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9
Q

How can we see viruses?

A

Electron microscopy

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10
Q

How big are viruses?

A

0.05-0.1 micromètre

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11
Q

How can we see mycoplasma?

A

Electron microscopy
Some under light microscopy

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12
Q

How big are mycoplasma?

A

0.1-0.5 micromètres

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13
Q

How can we see bacteria

A

Light microscopy / electron microscopy

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14
Q

How big are bacteria

A

1-10 micromètres

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15
Q

How can we see yeasts

A

Light microscopy / electron microscopy

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16
Q

How big are yeasts

A

3-10 micromètres

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17
Q

How can we see eukaryotic cells

A

Light microscopy
Up to 50 micromètres with electron microscopy

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18
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells

A

> 50 micromètres

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19
Q

How can we see mycelia

A

With the naked eye/ light microscopy

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20
Q

How big are mycelia

A

Bigger than 100 micromètres

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21
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • infectious, often pathogenic
  • typically smaller than bacterium
  • very diverse size, morphology and composition
  • obligate cellular parasites
  • diverse genetic material
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22
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Reprogrammé cellular machinery to replicate themselves

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23
Q

Describe the diverse genetic material of viruses

A
  • dsDNA
  • ssDNA
  • ssRNA
  • dsRNA
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24
Q

List the components of a prokaryotic cell

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Capsule
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Nucleoid
  6. Plasmid
  7. Flagellum
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25
Q

Describe the components of a eukaryotic cell

A
  1. Plasma cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Mitochondrion
  4. SER
  5. RER
  6. Vacuole
  7. Golgi
  8. Nucleus
  9. Nucleolus
  10. Ribosomes
  11. Microtubules
  12. Centrosomes
  13. Microfilaments
  14. Lysosomes
  15. Secretory vesicles
  16. Peroxisomes
  17. Chromatin
  18. Intermediate filament
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26
Q

Describe bacteria

A
  • single-celled microorganisms, diverse in shape and size
  • widely distributed in range of environments
  • cell wall usually contains peptidoglycan
  • cell membrane fatty acids bound to glycerol with ester bonds in lipid bilayers
  • glucose oxidation in glycolysis and Krebs cycle
  • many examples of photosynthesis
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27
Q

Components of peptidoglycan

A
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
  • D-amino acids
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28
Q

Give an example of photosynthetic bacteria

A

Cyanobacteria

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29
Q

Describe archaea

A
  • single called microorganisms, diverse in shape and size
  • characteristically found in extreme environments
  • cell walls of pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or proteins
  • membrane lipids of phytanyl groups hound to glycerol with ether bonds, in bilayers, monolayers, or mixture
  • glucose oxidation in glycolysis and Krebs cycle not described
  • oxygenic photosynthesis not described
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30
Q

Give examples of extreme environments where archaea might be found

A
  • deep sea hydrothermal cents
  • hot springs
  • salt brine
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31
Q

Compare and contrast the reproduction of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: binary fission, some produce spores
Archaea: binary fission; sporulation not described

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32
Q

Compare and contrast the chromosomes of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: usually a single circular chromosomes; introns not described
Archaea: usually a single circular chromosome; introns may be present

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33
Q

Compare and contrast the flagella of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: hollow, assembled by adding subunit a from a central pore to the tip
Archaea: archella synthesised by adding subunits at the base

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34
Q

Archella

A

Archael flagella

35
Q

Compare and contrast the tRNA of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: thymine present
Archaea: thymine absent

36
Q

Compare and contrast the tmRNA of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: tmRNA not described
Archaea: described

37
Q

Compare and contrast the RNA Polymerase of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: simple, four polypeptides
Archaea: complex, >8 polypeptides, may have multiple

38
Q

Compare and contrast the pathogenicity of bacteria and archaea

A

Bacteria: many
Archaea: none described

39
Q

Early bacterial classification

A
  1. Haeckel’s Monera (morphology)
  2. Colony morphology
  3. Staining (Gram)
40
Q

What allowed the introduction of colony morphology classification

A

Microbiology culture

41
Q

Describe Gram negative bacteria

A
  • two membrane cell wall
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
42
Q

Describe Gram positive bacteria

A
  • single cell membrane
  • thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acid layer layer
43
Q

Give examples of eukaryotic microorganisms

A
  1. Archaeplastida
  2. Rhizaria
  3. Chromoalveolata
  4. Excavate
  5. Amoebozoa
  6. Opisthokonta
44
Q

Describe Archaeplastida

A

Plants, red and green algae

45
Q

Describe Rhizaria

A

Mostly heterotrophic unicellular organisms

46
Q

Describe Chromoalveolata

A
  • Stramenopiles, unicellular flagellates and diatoms
  • Alveolata
47
Q

Describe Alveolata

A
  • widespread group of predators and parasites
  • e.g. Paramecium
48
Q

Describe Excavata

A
  • mostly heterotrophs
  • some pathogenic
  • many anaerobic
  • Giardia, Trypanosoma
49
Q

Describe Amoebozoa

A

Many forms of amoeba including Dictyostelium; slime moulds

50
Q

Describe Opisthokonta

A

Fungi, animalia

51
Q

How large is an amoeba?

A

150-400micrometres

52
Q

How big is Giardia?

A

~10micrometres

53
Q

Describe fungi

A
  • can be micro/macroorganisme
  • eukaryotic
  • typically haploid nuclei
  • reproduce mainly with sexual and asexual spores
  • rigid chitin our cell walls
  • mostly filamentous growth form
  • heterotrophic
54
Q

What is the fungal filament called?

A

Hypha

55
Q

What is the fossil evidence of early bacterial life?

A
  • stromatolites in carbonate sediments
  • Cyanobacteria
  • 3.4-3.5bn years ago (Archaen)
  • abundant in the Proterozoic (2.8-3GA)
56
Q

Impacts of microorganisms on human society

A
  1. Health
  2. Agriculture
  3. Food
  4. Industry
57
Q

Microorganisms in health

A
  1. Microbiome
  2. Morbidity and mortality
58
Q

Microorganisms in agriculture

A
  1. Leguminous plants
  2. Nitrogen fixation
  3. Ruminant microbiota in cattle and sheep
  4. Disease
59
Q

Microorganisms in food

A
  1. Spoilage
  2. Fermentation
60
Q

Microorganisms in industry

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Enzymes
  3. Chemicals
  4. Harmful
61
Q

Microbes on évolution

A
  1. Symbiosis
  2. Disease
62
Q

Microbes interacting

A
  1. Rhizosphère
  2. Microbiome
63
Q

Bacteria make up

A
  • 70bn tonnes carbon
  • 12.8% total biomass
64
Q

Fungi make up

A
  • 12bn tonnes carbon
  • 2.2% total biomass
65
Q

Archaea make up

A
  • 8bn tonnes carbon
  • 1.5% total biomass
66
Q

Protists make up

A
  • 4bn tonnes carbon
  • 0.7% total biomass
67
Q

Viruses make up

A
  • 0.2bn tonnes carbon
  • 0.04% total biomass
68
Q

Evolution of classification before molecular biology

A
  1. System Naturae (Carl Linnaeus)
  2. Tree of Life (Ernst Haeckel)
  3. Two Empires (Édourd Chaton)
  4. Four Kingdoms (Herbert Copeland)
  5. Five Kingdoms (Robert Whittaker)
69
Q

Describe the Systema Naturae

A

Cataloguing and naming, introduced the Latin binomial

70
Q

Describe the Tree of Life

A
  • based on morphological complexities, tissue system and nutrition
  • ideas of descent
71
Q

Describe the Two Empires

A

eukaryotes and prokaryotes: cells with and without a nucleus

72
Q

Describe the Four Kingdoms

A

Distinguished on cellular properties

73
Q

Describe the Five Kingdoms

A

Cellular and nutritional characteristics

74
Q

Describe rRNA

A
  • accessible and tractable nucleic acid
  • structural component of the ribosome
  • functionally essential
  • highly conserved
  • relatively short (~1.5Kbp)
  • various amount organisms (though mostly at genus level)
75
Q

Among bacterial 16S rRNAs, there are

A
  • several universal conserved regions used to generate sequencing primers
  • nine variable regions used as phylogenetic signatures
76
Q

How is rRNA characterised?

A

Thin layer chromatography sequencing

77
Q

What does the endosymbiotic theory suffer

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from specialised bacteria that survived endocytosis and became incorporated into the host cell

78
Q

Extreme environments are

A

Rich in microbial life, and can support complex communities

79
Q

Microbes

A

Dominate the biosphere

80
Q

Problems with microscopy

A
  • microscope bias
  • staining: we are looking at artefacts
81
Q

Archaeal polymerases are

A

Much more like us

82
Q

Which Gram is probably ancestral?

A

Negative

83
Q

What is extreme depends upon

A

Your perspective - anthropocentrisme, animal-centric, eukaryote-centric

Michaelmas Term 1 (42 decks)

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