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Michaelmas Term 1 > The Green Revolution > Flashcards

The Green Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What did the evolution of photosynthesis result in?

A

Oxidation of the atmosphere

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2
Q

Where did photosynthesis evolve?

A

Under the sea

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3
Q

Which clade of organisms first evolved photosynthesis? Then what happened?

A
  • green algae
  • land plants evolved
  • movement of land to fresh water
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4
Q

What are land plants called?

A

Embryophytes

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5
Q

What are the two types of seed plants:

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Angiosperms
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6
Q

What are the three types of spore plants?

A

1) bryophytes
2) lycophytes
3) pterophytes

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7
Q

Which came first, seed plants or spore plants?

A

Spore plants

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8
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • produce cones
  • are unisexual (both male and female)
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9
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • are floral
  • are either male or female
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10
Q

Which kingdom is the green plants?

A

Viridiplantae

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11
Q

List some of the multicellular green algal ancestors of land plants

A
  1. Charales (Chara)
  2. Coleochaetales (Coleochaetae)
  3. Zygnematales
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12
Q

List some Zygnematales

A
  1. Micrasterias
  2. Spirogyra
  3. Zygnema
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13
Q

Which multicellular algae is the most likely phylogenetic ancestor of Viridiplantae?

A

Zygnematales

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14
Q

What are the bryophytes?

A

The earliest plants

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15
Q

Traceophytes

A

Vascular plants (with xyla and phloems)

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16
Q

Lycophytes

A
  • small single veined leaves
  • microfils
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17
Q

Pterophytes

A

Megafils

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18
Q

What is the problem associated with moving from aquatic to terrestrial landscapes?

A

Need to protect gametes from dessiccation

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19
Q

Describe the key innovations of Viridiplantae

A
  1. Archegonia (lost in Gnetales and angiosperms)
  2. Cuticle (cutin)
  3. Stomata (not Liverworts)
  4. Thick-walled ‘trilete’ spores (sporopollenin)
  5. Vascular tissue (lignified xylem, and phloem)
  6. Roots and leaves
  7. Seeds
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20
Q

What are seed plants known as?

A

Spermatophytes

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21
Q

What percentage of Viridiplantae are angiosperms, how many species is that roughly, and what can we conclude from this?

A
  • 95%
  • ~400,000
  • angiosperms are highly successful
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22
Q

What is the archegonia?

A

A flask that protects the egg from desiccation

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23
Q

What is the function of the cutin biopolymer?

A

It waterproofs the plant

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24
Q

Why are stomata innovative?

A

They overcome airtight cutin

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25
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

Three scars of sporopollenin protect spores from desiccation

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26
Q

What is the largest angiosperm family and what percentage does it represent?

A
  • Orchidaesae
  • 10%
27
Q

Angiosperm haploidy

A

occurs in just a few cells

28
Q

Haplontic life cycle meaning

A
  • Mitosis takes place in the haploid generation
  • e.g. Coleochaetales/Zygnematales
29
Q

Diplontic life cycle meaning

A
  • mitosis takes place in the diploid generation
  • e.g. humans
30
Q

Haplo-diplontic life cycle meaning

A
  • mitosis takes place in alternating haploid and diploid generations (‘alternation of generations’)
  • as such, the life cycle has two forms
31
Q

What happens in the haplo- phase on haplo-diplontic life cycle?

A
  • Produces gametes by mitosis
  • at this point, the organism is called a gametophyte
32
Q

What happens in the diplontic phase of the haplo-diplontic life cycle?

A
  • diploid forms of gametophytes fuse
  • produces spores (from a sporophyte) by meiosis
33
Q

Which parts of bryophytes fossilise well?

A
  • cutin
  • sporopollen
  • lignin
  • not the other stuff
34
Q

Advantages of haplo-diplontic life cycles:

A
  • meiosis is delayed when egg is fertilised, producing an oosphore
  • allows survival if condition is not favourable for the release of the next haploid generation
35
Q

Why is spore production advantageous?

A

Released into higher levels of air above others - provides competitive advantage

36
Q

Why is establishment of plant origins tricky?

A

Early fossil record is very incomplete - only microfossils really exist

37
Q

What is the classification of the first plant form?

A

Sporophyte Cooksonia

38
Q

Of which classification are there no early fossils?

A

Gametophytes

39
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction in Chara

A

1) multicellular megagametangia births large egg cell
2) multicellular microgametangia births small sperm cells
3) fertilisation - zygote becomes a resting ‘oospore’
4) dispersal
5) meiosis - protonema emerges to become new haploid body

40
Q

What are the egg and sperm cells produced in Chara surrounded by?

A

Sterile protective cells

41
Q

What is the ‘oospore’ surrounded by in Chara and what do they do?

A
  • Layer of sterile cells
  • Thicken to form a protective layer
42
Q

Microgametangium aka

A

Antheridium

43
Q

Megametangium aka

A

Archegonium

44
Q

What is the n number of the oospore

A

2n

45
Q

Protonema

A
  • thread-like chain of cells
  • earliest stage of gametophyte development
46
Q

Evolution of the sporophyte

A
  • following fertilisation, zygote undergoes mitosis
  • 2n sporophyte is ‘interpolated’ into life cycle
47
Q

Heterospory

A

Individuals produce two types of gametophyte (and therefore, spore)

48
Q

Who exhibits heterospory?

A
  • spermatophores
  • some extant Lycophytes and Monilophytes
  • many extinct lineages
  • a polyphyletic group
49
Q

Describe the big words associated with egg formation in sporophytes

A

Megaspores produced in the megasporangia create megagametophytes which produce the egg

50
Q

Describe the big words associated with sperm formation in sporophytes

A

Microspores produced in the microsporangia create microgametophytes that produce sperm

51
Q

Hypothetical first stage in seed evolution

A
  • a line of heterosporous monilophyte ancestors retained their megaspores on the sporophyte
  • each megasporangium produces one megaspore (other 3 degenerate)
  • after fertilisation, ovule becomes a seed
52
Q

In seed evolution, the megasporangium becomes the

A

Ovule

53
Q

In seed evolution, the microspore, with microgametophyte inside, becomes the

A

Pollen

54
Q

Give an example of a seed plant

A

Pinus sylvestris

55
Q

In sporophytes, where does fusion occur?

A

Argegioniophore

56
Q

What is the sporophyte takeover?

A

The rise to dominance of the diploid phase

57
Q

Homospory

A

Spores produced are all the same - not differentiated into male and female

58
Q

What type of evolution did heterospory experience?

A

Convergent

59
Q

What is endosporic development and why is it advantageous?

A
  • megagametophyte develops partially within the spore coat
  • more protection from dessiccation
60
Q

What does the antheridium need for survival?

A

Water

61
Q

What needed to evolve first to facilitate seed evolution?

A

Heterospory

62
Q

What does the gametophyte depend on?

A

The sporophyte for nutrition

63
Q

What does the sporangium do?

A

Protects spore

64
Q

What is the pollination droplet?

A

The droplet of water that catches the microgametophyte

Michaelmas Term 1 (42 decks)

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