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Michaelmas Term 1 > The Green Revolution > Flashcards

The Green Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What did the evolution of photosynthesis result in?

A

Oxidation of the atmosphere

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2
Q

Where did photosynthesis evolve?

A

Under the sea

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3
Q

Which clade of organisms first evolved photosynthesis? Then what happened?

A
  • green algae
  • land plants evolved
  • movement of land to fresh water
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4
Q

What are land plants called?

A

Embryophytes

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5
Q

What are the two types of seed plants:

A
  1. Gymnosperms
  2. Angiosperms
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6
Q

What are the three types of spore plants?

A

1) bryophytes
2) lycophytes
3) pterophytes

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7
Q

Which came first, seed plants or spore plants?

A

Spore plants

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8
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • produce cones
  • are unisexual (both male and female)
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9
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • are floral
  • are either male or female
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10
Q

Which kingdom is the green plants?

A

Viridiplantae

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11
Q

List some of the multicellular green algal ancestors of land plants

A
  1. Charales (Chara)
  2. Coleochaetales (Coleochaetae)
  3. Zygnematales
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12
Q

List some Zygnematales

A
  1. Micrasterias
  2. Spirogyra
  3. Zygnema
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13
Q

Which multicellular algae is the most likely phylogenetic ancestor of Viridiplantae?

A

Zygnematales

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14
Q

What are the bryophytes?

A

The earliest plants

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15
Q

Traceophytes

A

Vascular plants (with xyla and phloems)

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16
Q

Lycophytes

A
  • small single veined leaves
  • microfils
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17
Q

Pterophytes

A

Megafils

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18
Q

What is the problem associated with moving from aquatic to terrestrial landscapes?

A

Need to protect gametes from dessiccation

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19
Q

Describe the key innovations of Viridiplantae

A
  1. Archegonia (lost in Gnetales and angiosperms)
  2. Cuticle (cutin)
  3. Stomata (not Liverworts)
  4. Thick-walled ‘trilete’ spores (sporopollenin)
  5. Vascular tissue (lignified xylem, and phloem)
  6. Roots and leaves
  7. Seeds
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20
Q

What are seed plants known as?

A

Spermatophytes

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21
Q

What percentage of Viridiplantae are angiosperms, how many species is that roughly, and what can we conclude from this?

A
  • 95%
  • ~400,000
  • angiosperms are highly successful
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22
Q

What is the archegonia?

A

A flask that protects the egg from desiccation

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23
Q

What is the function of the cutin biopolymer?

A

It waterproofs the plant

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24
Q

Why are stomata innovative?

A

They overcome airtight cutin

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25
What is sporopollenin?
Three scars of sporopollenin protect spores from desiccation
26
What is the largest angiosperm family and what percentage does it represent?
- Orchidaesae - 10%
27
Angiosperm haploidy
occurs in just a few cells
28
Haplontic life cycle meaning
- Mitosis takes place in the haploid generation - e.g. Coleochaetales/Zygnematales
29
Diplontic life cycle meaning
- mitosis takes place in the diploid generation - e.g. humans
30
Haplo-diplontic life cycle meaning
- mitosis takes place in alternating haploid and diploid generations (‘alternation of generations’) - as such, the life cycle has two forms
31
What happens in the haplo- phase on haplo-diplontic life cycle?
- Produces gametes by mitosis - at this point, the organism is called a gametophyte
32
What happens in the diplontic phase of the haplo-diplontic life cycle?
- diploid forms of gametophytes fuse - produces spores (from a sporophyte) by meiosis
33
Which parts of bryophytes fossilise well?
- cutin - sporopollen - lignin - not the other stuff
34
Advantages of haplo-diplontic life cycles:
- meiosis is delayed when egg is fertilised, producing an oosphore - allows survival if condition is not favourable for the release of the next haploid generation
35
Why is spore production advantageous?
Released into higher levels of air above others - provides competitive advantage
36
Why is establishment of plant origins tricky?
Early fossil record is very incomplete - only microfossils really exist
37
What is the classification of the first plant form?
Sporophyte Cooksonia
38
Of which classification are there no early fossils?
Gametophytes
39
Describe the sexual reproduction in Chara
1) multicellular megagametangia births large egg cell 2) multicellular microgametangia births small sperm cells 3) fertilisation - zygote becomes a resting ‘oospore’ 4) dispersal 5) meiosis - protonema emerges to become new haploid body
40
What are the egg and sperm cells produced in Chara surrounded by?
Sterile protective cells
41
What is the ‘oospore’ surrounded by in Chara and what do they do?
- Layer of sterile cells - Thicken to form a protective layer
42
Microgametangium aka
Antheridium
43
Megametangium aka
Archegonium
44
What is the n number of the oospore
2n
45
Protonema
- thread-like chain of cells - earliest stage of gametophyte development
46
Evolution of the sporophyte
- following fertilisation, zygote undergoes mitosis - 2n sporophyte is ‘interpolated’ into life cycle
47
Heterospory
Individuals produce two types of gametophyte (and therefore, spore)
48
Who exhibits heterospory?
- spermatophores - some extant Lycophytes and Monilophytes - many extinct lineages - a polyphyletic group
49
Describe the big words associated with egg formation in sporophytes
Megaspores produced in the megasporangia create megagametophytes which produce the egg
50
Describe the big words associated with sperm formation in sporophytes
Microspores produced in the microsporangia create microgametophytes that produce sperm
51
Hypothetical first stage in seed evolution
- a line of heterosporous monilophyte ancestors retained their megaspores on the sporophyte - each megasporangium produces one megaspore (other 3 degenerate) - after fertilisation, ovule becomes a seed
52
In seed evolution, the megasporangium becomes the
Ovule
53
In seed evolution, the microspore, with microgametophyte inside, becomes the
Pollen
54
Give an example of a seed plant
Pinus sylvestris
55
In sporophytes, where does fusion occur?
Argegioniophore
56
What is the sporophyte takeover?
The rise to dominance of the diploid phase
57
Homospory
Spores produced are all the same - not differentiated into male and female
58
What type of evolution did heterospory experience?
Convergent
59
What is endosporic development and why is it advantageous?
- megagametophyte develops partially within the spore coat - more protection from dessiccation
60
What does the antheridium need for survival?
Water
61
What needed to evolve first to facilitate seed evolution?
Heterospory
62
What does the gametophyte depend on?
The sporophyte for nutrition
63
What does the sporangium do?
Protects spore
64
What is the pollination droplet?
The droplet of water that catches the microgametophyte

Michaelmas Term 1 (42 decks)

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