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Michaelmas Term 1 > Introduction to Fungi > Flashcards

Introduction to Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Opisthokonts

A

Cells, when flagellate, possess a single posterior flagellum

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2
Q

How many species of fungi are bioluminescent

A

> 70

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3
Q

Are fungi usually haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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4
Q

Describe fungal cell walls

A
  • Contain glucans (plant) and chitin (arthropod exoskeleton)
  • rigid
  • unique composition
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5
Q

What links fungi with oomycetes?

A

Hyphae

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6
Q

Describe hyphae

A
  • filamentous growth structures
  • grow at the tip
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7
Q

Describe dimorphic fungi

A

Can switch between yeast and hyphal forms in response to their environment

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8
Q

How do unicellular years reproduce?

A

Budding or fission

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9
Q

Describe the current fungal phyla

A
  • 8 phyla
  • 12 subphyla
  • 46 classes
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10
Q

Describe microsporidia

A

Intracellular parasites of all groups of animals

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11
Q

Describe chytridiomycota

A
  • flagellated
  • motile zoospores
  • common in aquatic environments
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12
Q

Describe neocallimastigomycetes

A

Anaerobes found in the rumen and hindgut of herbivores

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13
Q

Describe zoopagomhcota

A

Pathogens and commensale of animals, rarely plants

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14
Q

Describe mycoromycota

A
  • mostly associations with pants
  • subphylum Glomeromycota
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15
Q

Describe Glomeromycota

A

Have arbuscular mycorrhizae

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16
Q

Describe ascomycota

A

Diverse - include yeasts and common moulds such as Aspergillus

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17
Q

Basidiomycota

A
  • mushrooms and toadstools
  • rusts and smuts
  • septal pore swelling (regulates cytoplasmic streaming, restricts nuclear/organelle movement)
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18
Q

How many fungal species are there?

A

2.2-3.8 mill

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19
Q

How many fungal
Species are currently
Accepted?

A

120,000

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20
Q

Describe Esher common

A
  • 3,400 fungal sp
  • 420 vascular plant sp
  • 8:1
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21
Q

Describe slapton ley

A
  • 1,136 fungal sp
  • 88 vascular plant sp
  • 12.9:1
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22
Q

What percentage of known fungal species are marine?

A

<1%

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23
Q

What percentage of terrestrial plants depend on mycorrhizal fungi?

A
  • 95%
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24
Q

How many species of mycorrhizal fungi are there?

A

~6000

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25
Q

Laccases

A

Modification of lignin

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26
Q

What makes fungal absorption efficient?

A

High SA:Vol

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27
Q

What does absorption probably constrain wrt fungi?

A

Hyphal diameter (not hyphal length)

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28
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Lignin degradation (the only organisms that can do it)

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29
Q

Give an example of saprophytic fungi

A

Wood rotting fungi

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30
Q

Give examples of symbiotic fungi

A
  1. Mycorrhizae
  2. Lichens
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31
Q

Give examples of mycoses

A
  1. Athletes food (human)
  2. Chytridiomycosis (frogs)
  3. What stem rust (plants)
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32
Q

How big is a yeast cell?

A

3-4μm

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33
Q

How big is a hyphae?

A

2-10μm

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34
Q

Describe Armillaria ostoyae

A
  • humongous fungus
  • largest living organism
  • 10km SA
  • 8500years old
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35
Q

Rhizomorph

A
  • Multiple hyphae oriented in parallel
  • transport nutrients long distances
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36
Q

Why does the fungal cell wall need to withstand high turgour pressure?

A

Growing hyphae

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37
Q

Cell wall importance

A
  1. Determines shape
  2. Provides protection
  3. Site of nutrient exchange
38
Q

What does the fungal lipid bilayer contain?

A

Ergosterol

39
Q

What does septa compartmentalisation provide fungi?

A
  • mechanical strength
  • isolation of damaged/aging hyphae
  • differentiation (sporulation)
40
Q

Describe Zygomycetes

A
  • Aseptate
  • Woronin body allows cytoplasmic streaming and nuclear/organelle movement
41
Q

Hyphae without septa are

A
  • Coenocytic
  • have multiple nuclei
42
Q

What allows hyphal branching?

A

lots of cytoplasmic streaming

43
Q

Describe Dikarya

A

Growth direction is enabled and defined by Spitzenkörper

44
Q

Mycelium

A

Complex 3D networks of hyphae

45
Q

Describe the growth of a he inner region of mycelium

A
  • denser, fused hyphae
  • branching/infilling
  • positive autotropy and anastomosis
  • good connectivity for transport
46
Q

Describe regulation of mycelium growth in the outer region

A
  • sparser, unbranched hyphae (exploratory)
  • negative autotropy (good space-filling)
47
Q

Branching frequency and fungal foraging

A
  • sensitive to environmental conditions
  • more exploratory hyphae occur under nutrient stress
  • more dense colonies occur under nutrient excess
48
Q

Autotropism

A

Sensing of neighbouring hyphae via O2 or CO2 concentrations followed by growth towards (+ve) it away (-ve) from neighbours

49
Q

Describe fungal growth on agar

A

Gives rise to radial colonies on rich media

50
Q

Give a yeast that undergoes budding

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

51
Q

Give a yeast that undergoes fission

A

Saccharomyces pombe

52
Q

Give an example of a dimorphic fungus

A
  • Candida albicans
  • filamentous or unicellular depending in environment
53
Q

Give examples of asexual fungal clades

A
  • Chytridiomycota
  • Penicillum
54
Q

How do fungal spores form

A
  1. Fusion of unicellular gametes/specialised hyphae
  2. Fusion of 2 haploid cells to form a diploid cell, which undergoes meiosis and mitosis
55
Q

Ascospores

A

Occur in a sac

56
Q

Describe fungal sexual spores

A

resistant to drying, heat, freezing, and some chemicals

57
Q

Homokaryon

A

Coenocytic hyphae (many identical nuclei in the same piece of cytoplasm)

58
Q

What does coenocytism provide

A

Local complémentation

59
Q

Anastomosis

A
  • Fusion between branches of same or different hyphae
  • promiscuous (little control)
60
Q

What does the phenotype of a fungus depend on?

A

Interactions between genetically varying nuclei in the cytoplasm

61
Q

Describe spatially dependent phenotypes wrt fungi

A

Mycelium phenotype is different in different parts

62
Q

What is the advantages of heterokaryon?

A
  • Greater physiological flexibility to react to different nutritional environments
  • increase genetic diversity without need for sexual reproduction
  • can grow on minimal medium
63
Q

Heterokaryon

A
  • two auxotrophs (lys) and (ade-) jointly can synthesise joth amino acids
  • nuclei remain unfused
  • local phenotype
64
Q

Fusions might occur

A
  • tip-to-tip
  • tip-to-side
  • side-to-side (tip induction and outgrowth of peg-like branches)
65
Q

Describe vegetative compatibility genes

A
  • v-c genes
  • determine if fusion is maintained or shorter
66
Q

What causes vegetative incompatibility

A

Genetic differences at het loci

67
Q

Het

A

Heterokaryon

68
Q

What does vegetative incompatibility result in?

A

Death of fused cells (apoptosis)

69
Q

Stable heterokaryons do not guarantee

A

Sexual reproduction

70
Q

Barrage

A

Line of dead cells following fusion

71
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Fusing of cytoplasm of two cells

72
Q

Karyogamy

A

Fusing of nucleus of two cells

73
Q

Homothallic

A

Self-fertile

74
Q

Heterothallic

A

Require compatible mating types

75
Q

Describe the pathway of fungal sexual reproduction

A
  1. Anastomosis
  2. Plasmogamy
  3. Karyogamy
  4. Meiosis
76
Q

Anamorph

A
  • Asexual reproductive stage
  • mould like
77
Q

Teleomorph

A
  • sexual reproductive stage
  • fruiting body
78
Q

Holomorph

A
  • whole fungus
  • anamorph and teleomorph
79
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A
  • non-woody plants
  • grow within root cells to form arbuscles
  • obligate biotroph
  • e.g. Glomeromycota
80
Q

Arbuscles

A

Site of nutrient exchange

81
Q

Ectomycorhiza

A
  • woody trees/shrubs
  • Hartig net
  • wood wide web
82
Q

Hartig net

A
  • sheath formed around plant root structure
  • hyphae penetrate outer root cell layer
  • allows nutrient exchange
83
Q

Benefits of mycorrhizae to the plant

A
  • increased nutrient uptake (increased SA, nutrient mobilisation and scavenging efficiency)
  • tolerance to water stress and pathogens
  • phosphate solubilisation
  • ammonium absorption
84
Q

Benefits of mycorrhizzae to the fungus

A
  • 10-20% photosynthates go to the fungus
  • reciprocal relationship (the more photosynthate to the fungus, the more nutrients to the plant)
85
Q

Describe lichens

A

Ascomycota with phototrophic partner

86
Q

What are the potential phototrophic partners in lichens?

A

photosynthetic alga, Cyanobacteria or basidiomycete

87
Q

What do the symbionts provide in lichen?

A
  • phototrophic partner provides organic carbon
  • fungus provided weather protection and promotes rock inorganic nutrient use
88
Q

Heterokonts

A

More than one flagella, often at front of cell

89
Q

What makes fungal classification elusive?

A

Morphotypes

90
Q

What is the oldest part of a mycelial colony?

A

The spores in the middle

91
Q

The outside of a mycelial colony will grow

A

Continuously

92
Q

Homokaryon and heterokaryon

A
  • occupy different areas
  • have the same phenotype

Michaelmas Term 1 (42 decks)

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