The Medieval World - Part 2 Flashcards
Medieval world part 2 chronology
1337 - 1453 Hundred Years’ War between England& France
1347 - 1352 Black Death (the plague) devastates Europe (1st main wave)
1350 - 1600 The Renaissance (using a broad time span)
1378 - 1417 The great western schism
1440s Movable Metal type used in printing -Johann Gutenberg
Hundred Years’ War between England& France
1337 - 1453
Black Death (the plague) devastates Europe (1st main wave)
1347 - 1352
The Renaissance (using a broad time span)
1350 - 1600
The great western schism
1378 - 1417
Movable Metal type used in printing -Johann Gutenberg
1440s
Spanish Inquisition (who it was organized under, its purpose & its methods )
-organized under the RC monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella
-to combat heresy
-its methods included torture, confiscation & burning
What was the Black Death
Combination of bubonic & pneumonic plagues
Major European point of entry for Black Death
Through the shipping ports of Sicily
What was the Black Death plague like?
Episodic
Black Death cause
A bacterium
Unscientific medieval Europeans had no true idea what was causing the carnage
Black Death different forms of manifestation
Bubonic
Pneumonic
Transmission to humans
Bubonic: rats disembark & carry fleas
Pneumonic: by coughing or sneezing
Responses to the Black Death
Flagellants sought a purging by flogging themselves
Black Death consequences
In some respects the Black Death may have weakened the RCC & paved the way for reformation
Avignon papacy (what happened)
Bishop of Rome (pope) moves from Rome to Avignon, France -under the control of French kings
During the Avignon papacy where did the pope move? Under whose control ?
From Rome to France (Avignon)
Under the control of French kings
RCC developments
Patronage
Types of patronage
Pluralism
Absenteeism
What happened in the great western schism?
Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban & attacked Rome,
being repulsed, Clement fled to Avignon
What was the result of the great western schism?
One pope in Rome, one in Avignon
Solution to the western schism
The conciliar movement
What is a conciliar movement?
Notion that a universal council, representing the entire church, had more authority than the pope
What are the different councils
Pisa council
Council of Constance
Pisa council
Cardinals then selected a new pope
Problem: the two other popes refused to accept the decision of the council & now there were three popes
(Roman pope, Avignon pope, conciliar pope)
Council of Constance
Two of the competing popes were deposed or “resigned “
What did the conciliar movement achieve?
The conciliar movement eventually ended the RCC multi-pope dilemma
Who translated the first English Bible?
John Wycliffe
He was a Prague professor charged with heresy, tried, convicted & burned at the stake
John Huss
Who wins the Hundred Years’ War?
France wins
What happened to Joan of Arc?
The English burned her at the stake -she was abandoned to her fate by the French king
Eventually canonized a RC Saint
Significance / results of the Hundred Years’ War
Increased nationalism -the war established England & France as clearly distinct nations
The war of the roses (who won and who died)
Henry Tudor won the war
Henry’s eldest son, Arthur, died
In Spain, who married?
Ferdinand married Isabella
Fernando and Isabella (who they were and what they did )
Spanish “Catholic sovereigns”
“Completed” the reconquista (re-conquest)
What is the reconquista?
A “crusade” designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain
The “electors” in Germany (who were they and what did they have)?
- Princes of the Holy Roman Empire who hold the right to elect the holy Roman emperor, aka the German king
- possessed considerable independence within their domains
Renaissance meaning
French word meaning “rebirth”
Where did the renaissance move across?
Renaissance moved across the Alps
How did the Renaissance become known moving north?
Moving north, it became known as the northern Renaissance
What is the high Renaissance?
Time when artistic work reached a “peak” of perfection
Aspects /facets of the Renaissance
Humanism
Secularism
Individualism
Humanism
Term with multiple dimensions
Cultural movement that emphasized rediscovery of Ancient Greek and Roman ideas/values
Secularism
The Renaissance era tended to emphasize secular concerns, it did not seek to fully exclude God
Individualism
A school of thought emphasizing the importance of the individual
Where did Renaissance take place?
Renaissance began in northern Italy
Florence ( Firenze) is best identified as the cultural center or “heart “ of Renaissance life
Why did Renaissance take place?
Italian leaders possessed disposable income for patronage ( sponsorship) of the arts
What did Johann Gutenberg do?
“invented” movable metal type -fashioned single letters & words out of metal -these could be combined in trays to form words or sentences
Cosimo de Medici
Ruled Florence
The de Medici family made money through banking
Leonardo da Vinci
True “Renaissance man” (multi -talented)
Girolamo Savonarola
Preached against papal immorality
Desiderius Erasmus ( important for exam )
Dutch scholar
Referred to as the “Prince of humanists”
Niccolo Machiavelli (important for exam)
Wrote The Prince
Stress / emphasis: what is effective over what is ethical
Michelangelo Buonarroti
He paints the Sistine chapel ceiling
Raphael
Notable work: school of Athens
William Shakespeare
Works provide a study on human personality
