The Medieval World - Part 1

Question 1

What are the time periods of the Middle Ages?

Answer 1

The Middle Ages (500-1500) are divided into Early, High, and Late periods.

Question 2

What significant event occurred in 732?

Answer 2

Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces at Tours, marking the end of North African expansion.

Question 3

What happened in 800?

Answer 3

Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope on Christmas Day.

Question 4

What era began in 1095-1291?

Answer 4

The era of the Crusades.

Question 5

What was affirmed by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215?

Answer 5

The Fourth Lateran Council affirmed Transubstantiation.

Question 6

What does Christendom refer to?

Answer 6

Christendom refers to the fusion of church and state.

Question 7

What is the Curia?

Answer 7

The Curia became the ‘College of Cardinals’ created to select a pope.

Question 8

What is Primogeniture?

Answer 8

Primogeniture is the right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father, excluding all siblings.

Question 9

What is Simony?

Answer 9

Simony is the buying and selling of spiritual or Church benefits.

Question 10

Who were the Franks?

Answer 10

Germanic peoples with a Kingdom located in modern France & Germany.

Question 11

Who was Charles Martel?

Answer 11

“The hammer”

Served as Mayor of the Palace and defeated an Islamic army near Tours.

Question 12

What did Pepin the Great do?

Answer 12

Gave the pope territory in central Italy, becoming known as the ‘Papal States.’

Question 13

What was Charlemagne’s empire?

Answer 13

• Established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe
• enlisted missi dominici (traveling inspectors).

Question 14

When was Charlemagne crowned?

Answer 14

On Christmas Day during mass in Rome by Pope Leo III.

Question 15

What notion did Charlemagne attach to Europe?

Answer 15

He took the notion of church-state cooperation and bequeathed ‘Christendom’ to generations.

Question 16

What is the Carolingian Renaissance?

Answer 16

A cultural and intellectual revival associated with Charlemagne.

Question 17

What time period did Europe face invasions from Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars?

Answer 17

From the 8th to 11th Centuries.

Question 18

Who were the Vikings?

Answer 18

Norsemen who
- made their home in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)
- terrorized coastal European peoples
- visited North America

Question 19

What notable achievement did the Vikings have?

Answer 19

They visited North America.

Question 20

Who were the Magyars?

Answer 20

A group that terrorized Europe in the early 900s.

Question 21

Who halted the Magyars’ invasions?

Answer 21

Otto I.

Question 22

What happened to the Magyars after being halted?

Answer 22

They integrated into mainstream European culture.

Question 23

Who invaded Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries?

Answer 23

Vikings, Muslims and Magyars

Question 24

What’s another name for Vikings?

Answer 24

Norsemen

Question 25

What is Scandinavia?

Answer 25

Norway, Sweden and Denmark

Question 26

Term knight

Answer 26

Any nobleman who took up arms

Question 27

What did feudalism and manorialism do?

Answer 27

- emerged - provided for law/order & economic livelihood at the local level (**localism will dominate**)

Question 28

What type of relationship is feudalism?

Answer 28

Political relationship

Question 29

Feudalism structure

Answer 29

- Lord: grants land (fief) to the vassal - Vassal: receives fief

Question 30

Manorialism relationship type

Answer 30

Economic relationship

Question 31

What happens in manorialism

Answer 31

Serfs lived on the lord’s manor

Question 32

Where was the Holy Roman Empire centered?

Answer 32

In the German states & Northern Italy

Question 33

Holy Roman Empire: who emerged as the strongest power in Europe?

Answer 33

Otto I

Question 34

Who was Duke of Normandy & became king of England?

Answer 34

William the Conqueror

Question 35

What did William the Conqueror do?

Answer 35

Defeated his rival at the Battle of Hastings

Question 36

Who is William the Conqueror and who is he not?

Answer 36

He is **not** Holy Roman Emperor He is a ruler in France & England

Question 37

What battle did William the Conqueror win?

Answer 37

Battle of Hastings

Question 38

Important information to remember about who William the conqueror is (class info for exam)!!

Answer 38

Is NOT a Holy Roman Emperor Is NOT related to the Avignon Papacy Is NOT related to the Great Western Schism Is KING of England

Question 39

What is the Cluniac reform?

Answer 39

Countering decline, a movement began at the monastery of Cluny (E. France)

Question 40

In the context of the Roman Empire in medieval world, what conflict arose that led to a power struggle?

Answer 40

The Investiture Struggle

Question 41

The Investiture Struggle (related concepts, what it led to & what happened)

Answer 41

- Concepts of simony & primogeniture are related to investiture - led to a power struggle: pope Gregory VII vs. German king Henry IV - under pressure (rebellion from nobles), Henry submits • at Canossa • prestige gain for pope, loss for king

Question 42

What concepts are related to investiture?

Answer 42

Simony & primogeniture

Question 43

Who fought for power in the Investiture Struggle?

Answer 43

Pope Gregory VII German king Henry IV

Question 44

Who submits because of pressure/rebellion from nobles in the Investiture Struggle?

Answer 44

German king Henry IV

Question 45

In the investiture struggle, where did Henry submit and what did that mean for the two who fought for power?

Answer 45

Henry submitted at Canossa This lead to a prestige gain for pope (Gregory VII) & loss for king (Henry IV)

Question 46

Who convened (brought together) the Council of Clermont?

Answer 46

Pope Urban ll

Question 47

What did Pope Urban ll do? (Council of Clermont)

Answer 47

- he called on Christendom to unite to protect the Holy Sepulchre from further Muslim attack - Crusaders were motivated by the desire to earn salvation

Question 48

What were crusaders motivated by? (Council of clermont)

Answer 48

By the desire to earn salvation

Question 49

First crusade

Answer 49

- Destroyed villages & committed anti-Semitic atrocities - took Jerusalem & massacred the inhabitants

Question 50

Third crusade

Answer 50

Undertaken after Muslim leader Saladin took Jerusalem

Question 51

Fourth crusade (important)

Answer 51

Crusaders attacked Constantinople

Question 52

Results of the crusades

Answer 52

- Promoted the rise of towns & trade - increased conflict between eastern and western churches

Question 53

What is an indulgence?

Answer 53

"An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin".

Question 54

What are the methods of "discipline"?

Answer 54

Excommunication Interdict The Inquisition

Question 55

Excommunication ( discipline)

Answer 55

Cut the individual off from the church and its sacraments

Question 56

Interdict (discipline)

Answer 56

Closed churches in a geographical area and forbade celebrating mass and other sacraments Designed to cause such an uproar from the masses, who would fear for their salvation, that the ruler would have to submit

Question 57

Inquisition (discipline)

Answer 57

An ecclesiastical (church) court for the persecution of heresy

Question 58

Where does the word Friars come from?

Answer 58

From Latin for brother

Question 59

Types of friars

Answer 59

Dominican Franciscan

Question 60

Dominican friars

Answer 60

Helped develop aspects of the present system of theology for the RCC

Question 61

Franciscan friars

Answer 61

Founded by Francis of Assisi Missionary work in the new world -California missions

Question 62

Pope Innocent III (who he was and what he did)

Answer 62

Likely the most powerful pope Claimed authority to rule the whole world

Question 63

What did king John do? What was the consequence?

Answer 63

Collected dues illegally, thus the barons (nobles) revolted

Question 64

What did the Magna Carta imply?

Answer 64

That law is above the king

Question 65

What did the papal bull Unam Sanctam assert?

Answer 65

There was no salvation outside of the RCC

Question 66

Developments in medieval life

Answer 66

Merchant guilds & Craft guilds

Question 67

Merchant guilds

Answer 67

Regulated commerce

Question 68

Craft guilds

Answer 68

Regulated professions

Question 69

Scholasticism

Answer 69

Name given to a theology that developed in "schools"

Question 70

What did "scholastics "do?

Answer 70

They sought to demonstrate through deductive logic what they knew to be true by faith

Question 71

Who is the greatest of the scholastics?

Answer 71

The Dominican Thomas Aquinas