The Medieval World - Part 1 Flashcards
What are the time periods of the Middle Ages?
The Middle Ages (500-1500) are divided into Early, High, and Late periods.
What significant event occurred in 732?
Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces at Tours, marking the end of North African expansion.
What happened in 800?
Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope on Christmas Day.
What era began in 1095-1291?
The era of the Crusades.
What was affirmed by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215?
The Fourth Lateran Council affirmed Transubstantiation.
What does Christendom refer to?
Christendom refers to the fusion of church and state.
What is the Curia?
The Curia became the ‘College of Cardinals’ created to select a pope.
What is Primogeniture?
Primogeniture is the right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father, excluding all siblings.
What is Simony?
Simony is the buying and selling of spiritual or Church benefits.
Who were the Franks?
Germanic peoples with a Kingdom located in modern France & Germany.
Who was Charles Martel?
“The hammer”
Served as Mayor of the Palace and defeated an Islamic army near Tours.
What did Pepin the Great do?
Gave the pope territory in central Italy, becoming known as the ‘Papal States.’
What was Charlemagne’s empire?
- Established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe
- enlisted missi dominici (traveling inspectors).
When was Charlemagne crowned?
On Christmas Day during mass in Rome by Pope Leo III.
What notion did Charlemagne attach to Europe?
He took the notion of church-state cooperation and bequeathed ‘Christendom’ to generations.
What is the Carolingian Renaissance?
A cultural and intellectual revival associated with Charlemagne.
What time period did Europe face invasions from Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars?
From the 8th to 11th Centuries.
Who were the Vikings?
Norsemen who
- made their home in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)
- terrorized coastal European peoples
- visited North America
What notable achievement did the Vikings have?
They visited North America.
Who were the Magyars?
A group that terrorized Europe in the early 900s.
Who halted the Magyars’ invasions?
Otto I.
What happened to the Magyars after being halted?
They integrated into mainstream European culture.
Who invaded Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries?
Vikings, Muslims and Magyars
What’s another name for Vikings?
Norsemen
What is Scandinavia?
Norway, Sweden and Denmark
Term knight
Any nobleman who took up arms
What did feudalism and manorialism do?
- emerged
- provided for law/order & economic livelihood at the local level (localism will dominate)
What type of relationship is feudalism?
Political relationship
Feudalism structure
- Lord: grants land (fief) to the vassal
- Vassal: receives fief
Manorialism relationship type
Economic relationship
What happens in manorialism
Serfs lived on the lord’s manor
Where was the Holy Roman Empire centered?
In the German states & Northern Italy
Holy Roman Empire: who emerged as the strongest power in Europe?
Otto I
Who was Duke of Normandy & became king of England?
William the Conqueror
What did William the Conqueror do?
Defeated his rival at the Battle of Hastings
Who is William the Conqueror and who is he not?
He is not Holy Roman Emperor
He is a ruler in France & England
What battle did William the Conqueror win?
Battle of Hastings
Important information to remember about who William the conqueror is (class info for exam)!!
Is NOT a Holy Roman Emperor
Is NOT related to the Avignon Papacy
Is NOT related to the Great Western Schism
Is KING of England
What is the Cluniac reform?
Countering decline, a movement began at the monastery of Cluny (E. France)
In the context of the Roman Empire in medieval world, what conflict arose that led to a power struggle?
The Investiture Struggle
The Investiture Struggle (related concepts, what it led to & what happened)
- Concepts of simony & primogeniture are related to investiture
- led to a power struggle: pope Gregory VII vs. German king Henry IV
- under pressure (rebellion from nobles), Henry submits
• at Canossa
• prestige gain for pope, loss for king
What concepts are related to investiture?
Simony & primogeniture
Who fought for power in the Investiture Struggle?
Pope Gregory VII
German king Henry IV
Who submits because of pressure/rebellion from nobles in the Investiture Struggle?
German king Henry IV
In the investiture struggle, where did Henry submit and what did that mean for the two who fought for power?
Henry submitted at Canossa
This lead to a prestige gain for pope (Gregory VII) & loss for king (Henry IV)
Who convened (brought together) the Council of Clermont?
Pope Urban ll
What did Pope Urban ll do? (Council of Clermont)
- he called on Christendom to unite to protect the Holy Sepulchre from further Muslim attack
- Crusaders were motivated by the desire to earn salvation
What were crusaders motivated by? (Council of clermont)
By the desire to earn salvation
First crusade
- Destroyed villages & committed anti-Semitic atrocities
- took Jerusalem & massacred the inhabitants
Third crusade
Undertaken after Muslim leader Saladin took Jerusalem
Fourth crusade (important)
Crusaders attacked Constantinople
Results of the crusades
- Promoted the rise of towns & trade
- increased conflict between eastern and western churches
What is an indulgence?
“An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin”.
What are the methods of “discipline”?
Excommunication
Interdict
The Inquisition
Excommunication ( discipline)
Cut the individual off from the church and its sacraments
Interdict (discipline)
Closed churches in a geographical area and forbade celebrating mass and other sacraments
Designed to cause such an uproar from the masses, who would fear for their salvation, that the ruler would have to submit
Inquisition (discipline)
An ecclesiastical (church) court for the persecution of heresy
Where does the word Friars come from?
From Latin for brother
Types of friars
Dominican
Franciscan
Dominican friars
Helped develop aspects of the present system of theology for the RCC
Franciscan friars
Founded by Francis of Assisi
Missionary work in the new world -California missions
Pope Innocent III (who he was and what he did)
Likely the most powerful pope
Claimed authority to rule the whole world
What did king John do? What was the consequence?
Collected dues illegally, thus the barons (nobles) revolted
What did the Magna Carta imply?
That law is above the king
What did the papal bull Unam Sanctam assert?
There was no salvation outside of the RCC
Developments in medieval life
Merchant guilds & Craft guilds
Merchant guilds
Regulated commerce
Craft guilds
Regulated professions
Scholasticism
Name given to a theology that developed in “schools”
What did “scholastics “do?
They sought to demonstrate through deductive logic what they knew to be true by faith
Who is the greatest of the scholastics?
The Dominican Thomas Aquinas
