the medical model

Question 1

how does the medical model explain mental disorders?

Answer 1

due to physical causes such as brain structure, genetics, biochemistry

Question 2

why is the medical model seen as determinisitic

Answer 2

it emphasises that a person has no more free choice or control over a mental illness than a physical illness

Question 3

why is the medical model seen as reductionist?

Answer 3

it over simplifies the causes of mental illness, ignoring psychological and environmental factors

Question 4

how can the medical model be seen as holistic

Answer 4

the recent biological explanations are looking at complex interactions between genes and bio chemistry and are also acknoledging the interaction of genes and environment

Question 5

give the assumption for the genetic area of the medical model

Answer 5

the closer the genetic relationship the higher the concordance rates

Question 6

give the assumption for the brain abnormality area of the medical model

Answer 6

abnormalitys are cuase by the structure of the brain

Question 7

give the assumption for the biochemical area of the medical model

Answer 7

imbalance of chemicals causes mental illness

Question 8

why is the reliabiltity of concordance rates low?

Answer 8

the are only correlational

no cause and effect can be established

Question 9

what do family studies show?

Answer 9

relationships between traits and inheritance

Question 10

what are monozygotic twins?

Answer 10

genetically identical twins

Question 11

what are dzygotic twins

Answer 11

non-identical twins

Question 12

give the reults of gottesmans old study

Answer 12

monozygotic twins had a 48% concordnace rate with developing SZ compared with dyzygotic twins who had a 17% concordnace rate

Question 13

why are twin studies critisised?

Answer 13

they do not contol the fact tht the nvironment may be more similar for MZ twins thsn DZ twins

Question 14

decribe the method of tienaris study with adoption studies?

Answer 14

longtituinal study

155 children whos biological mothers had SZ, and been adopted out

Question 15

give the results from tienaris study

Answer 15

9% of the children developed SZ compared to 1% of the children that mothers didn’t have SZ

Question 16

name the cell that carries the impulse to the synapse

Answer 16

presynaptic cell

Question 17

name the cell that recieves the impulse

Answer 17

postsynaptic cell

Question 18

what do cells release?

Answer 18

neurotransmitters

Question 19

what is the role of nuerotransmitters?

Answer 19

released into the synapse and diffuse to where they bind with receptors on the dendrites of the postnaptic cell

Question 20

what are the gaps between cells called?

Answer 20

synpases

Question 21

What SZ symptom is related to perception?

Answer 21

hallucninations and dellusions

Question 22

What SZ symptom is related to motor contorl ?

Answer 22

catatonine behaviour

Question 23

What SZ symptom is related to thinking?

Answer 23

derailment

Question 24

who propsed the early dopamine hypohesis, and what was it?

Answer 24

carlsson

SZ is caused by cells either firing too easily or too often, leadin to excess dopamine

Question 25

what does excess dopamine mean?

Answer 25

problems related to attention, perception, and thinking

Question 26

explain the finding by wong

Answer 26

from post mortems | SZ suffers have twice the number of D2 receptors than non SZs

Question 27

which side of the brain seems reated to SZ symptoms?

Answer 27

left- language

Question 28

which area of the brain is linked with the negative symptom of low motivation in SZ?

Answer 28

ventral straigtum- linked to the anticipation of reward and motivation

Question 29

why can the brain abnormality explanation between be seen as valid?

Answer 29

uses brain sans | these produce objective data

Question 30

give the risks of head injuries in relation to mental illness

Answer 30

65% more likely to be diagnosed with SZ 59% depression 28% bipolar

Question 31

what scanners are used when identifying areas of the brain?

Answer 31

PET scans

Question 32

give an example of brain abnormality related to SZ

Answer 32

enlarged ventricles | places pressure on ajacent areas infering eith their function

Question 33

describe the aim in gottesmans new study

Answer 33

to investigate whether two parents with mental disorders would increase the probability that their child would also be diagnosed with a mental disorder

Question 34

give the sample of gottesmans new study

Answer 34

2.7 million danish children minimum age of 10 no consent needed as it was from a register

Question 35

give the IVs of gottesmans new study

Answer 35

SZ, bipolar, depression

Question 36

give the DV of gottesmans new study

Answer 36

diagnosis of mental illness in children

Question 37

give the results of gottesmans new study in relation to SZ

Answer 37

two parents with SZ 27.3% one parent with SZ 7% parent with any disorder 1.12%

Question 38

give an example of of typical antipsychotics

Answer 38

chlorpromazine

Question 39

give an example of of Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 39

clozapine

Question 40

describe how Atypical drugs like clozapine works

Answer 40

acts on serotonin as well as dopamine lowers the level of dopamine rather than complelty blocking it fewer side effects

Question 41

state the effectivness of Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 41

85% benefical

Question 42

what did remington and Kapur find?

Answer 42

Atypical drugs were helpful in reducing mainly negative symptoms

Question 43

what symptoms is typical antipsychotics best for treating?

Answer 43

positive

Question 44

describe how typical drugs like chorpromazine work

Answer 44

dopamine antognaists they block dopamine receptors on the surface of neurons therefore reduce dopamine activity

Question 45

give examples of the side effects of typical antipsychotics

Answer 45

tardive dyskinesia- uncontrolable movements of the lips, tounge and involuntary sucking and chewing, and jerky movements affects 20-30% of patients

Question 46

describe the process of ECT

Answer 46

a brief electrical stimulus givrn to the brain via electrodes placed on the temples

Question 47

how often does ECT treatment need to take place?

Answer 47

6-12 a day 2-3 times a week

Question 48

describe the side effects of ECT

Answer 48

memory loss and cardiovascular changes and headaches

Question 49

give the strengths of drug treatments

Answer 49

- reduces symptoms | - more ethical than ECT

Question 50

give the weakness of drug treatments

Answer 50

- treats symptoms rather than the cause - not 100% effective - side effects

Question 51

give the effectivness of typical antipsychotics

Answer 51

65% effective

Question 52

what are two explanations linked to enlarged ventricles?

Answer 52

swayze- increased amounts of liquid in brain cavity. also cause pressure to build up on adjecent areas interfering with functon. holt and lewis- large ventricles due to loss of brain tissue that would of occuiped that space.

Question 53

how many gene variations have been linked to and increased risk of SZ?

Answer 53

108

Question 54

what is the risk of developing SZ in DZ twins?

Answer 54

17%

Question 55

what is the risk of developing SZ in MZ twins?

Answer 55

48%

Question 56

what is the difference between early dopamine hypothesis and alves dopamine hyposthesis in SZ?

Answer 56

guyhj

Question 57

why is dopamine implicated in SZ?

Answer 57

if it it is fired too easily or too often, causes problems with attetion, perception and thinking

Question 58

what is the role of dopamine?

Answer 58

involved in perception, thinking, and attention

Question 59

define concordance rates

Answer 59

ergar

Question 60

define comorbidity

Answer 60

more than one illness is diagnosed at the same time