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Mental health > the medical model > Flashcards

the medical model Flashcards

1
Q

how does the medical model explain mental disorders?

A

due to physical causes such as brain structure, genetics, biochemistry

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2
Q

why is the medical model seen as determinisitic

A

it emphasises that a person has no more free choice or control over a mental illness than a physical illness

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3
Q

why is the medical model seen as reductionist?

A

it over simplifies the causes of mental illness, ignoring psychological and environmental factors

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4
Q

how can the medical model be seen as holistic

A

the recent biological explanations are looking at complex interactions between genes and bio chemistry and are also acknoledging the interaction of genes and environment

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5
Q

give the assumption for the genetic area of the medical model

A

the closer the genetic relationship the higher the concordance rates

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6
Q

give the assumption for the brain abnormality area of the medical model

A

abnormalitys are cuase by the structure of the brain

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7
Q

give the assumption for the biochemical area of the medical model

A

imbalance of chemicals causes mental illness

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8
Q

why is the reliabiltity of concordance rates low?

A

the are only correlational

no cause and effect can be established

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9
Q

what do family studies show?

A

relationships between traits and inheritance

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10
Q

what are monozygotic twins?

A

genetically identical twins

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11
Q

what are dzygotic twins

A

non-identical twins

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12
Q

give the reults of gottesmans old study

A

monozygotic twins had a 48% concordnace rate with developing SZ compared with dyzygotic twins who had a 17% concordnace rate

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13
Q

why are twin studies critisised?

A

they do not contol the fact tht the nvironment may be more similar for MZ twins thsn DZ twins

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14
Q

decribe the method of tienaris study with adoption studies?

A

longtituinal study

155 children whos biological mothers had SZ, and been adopted out

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15
Q

give the results from tienaris study

A

9% of the children developed SZ compared to 1% of the children that mothers didn’t have SZ

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16
Q

name the cell that carries the impulse to the synapse

A

presynaptic cell

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17
Q

name the cell that recieves the impulse

A

postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

what do cells release?

A

neurotransmitters

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19
Q

what is the role of nuerotransmitters?

A

released into the synapse and diffuse to where they bind with receptors on the dendrites of the postnaptic cell

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20
Q

what are the gaps between cells called?

A

synpases

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21
Q

What SZ symptom is related to perception?

A

hallucninations and dellusions

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22
Q

What SZ symptom is related to motor contorl ?

A

catatonine behaviour

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23
Q

What SZ symptom is related to thinking?

A

derailment

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24
Q

who propsed the early dopamine hypohesis, and what was it?

A

carlsson

SZ is caused by cells either firing too easily or too often, leadin to excess dopamine

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25
Q

what does excess dopamine mean?

A

problems related to attention, perception, and thinking

26
Q

explain the finding by wong

A

from post mortems

SZ suffers have twice the number of D2 receptors than non SZs

27
Q

which side of the brain seems reated to SZ symptoms?

A

left- language

28
Q

which area of the brain is linked with the negative symptom of low motivation in SZ?

A

ventral straigtum- linked to the anticipation of reward and motivation

29
Q

why can the brain abnormality explanation between be seen as valid?

A

uses brain sans

these produce objective data

30
Q

give the risks of head injuries in relation to mental illness

A

65% more likely to be diagnosed with SZ
59% depression
28% bipolar

31
Q

what scanners are used when identifying areas of the brain?

A

PET scans

32
Q

give an example of brain abnormality related to SZ

A

enlarged ventricles

places pressure on ajacent areas infering eith their function

33
Q

describe the aim in gottesmans new study

A

to investigate whether two parents with mental disorders would increase the probability that their child would also be diagnosed with a mental disorder

34
Q

give the sample of gottesmans new study

A

2.7 million danish children
minimum age of 10
no consent needed as it was from a register

35
Q

give the IVs of gottesmans new study

A

SZ, bipolar, depression

36
Q

give the DV of gottesmans new study

A

diagnosis of mental illness in children

37
Q

give the results of gottesmans new study in relation to SZ

A

two parents with SZ 27.3%
one parent with SZ 7%
parent with any disorder 1.12%

38
Q

give an example of of typical antipsychotics

A

chlorpromazine

39
Q

give an example of of Atypical antipsychotics

A

clozapine

40
Q

describe how Atypical drugs like clozapine works

A

acts on serotonin as well as dopamine
lowers the level of dopamine rather than complelty blocking it
fewer side effects

41
Q

state the effectivness of Atypical antipsychotics

A

85% benefical

42
Q

what did remington and Kapur find?

A

Atypical drugs were helpful in reducing mainly negative symptoms

43
Q

what symptoms is typical antipsychotics best for treating?

A

positive

44
Q

describe how typical drugs like chorpromazine work

A

dopamine antognaists
they block dopamine receptors on the surface of neurons
therefore reduce dopamine activity

45
Q

give examples of the side effects of typical antipsychotics

A

tardive dyskinesia- uncontrolable movements of the lips, tounge and involuntary sucking and chewing, and jerky movements
affects 20-30% of patients

46
Q

describe the process of ECT

A

a brief electrical stimulus givrn to the brain via electrodes placed on the temples

47
Q

how often does ECT treatment need to take place?

A

6-12 a day 2-3 times a week

48
Q

describe the side effects of ECT

A

memory loss and cardiovascular changes and headaches

49
Q

give the strengths of drug treatments

A
  • reduces symptoms

- more ethical than ECT

50
Q

give the weakness of drug treatments

A
  • treats symptoms rather than the cause
  • not 100% effective
  • side effects
51
Q

give the effectivness of typical antipsychotics

A

65% effective

52
Q

what are two explanations linked to enlarged ventricles?

A

swayze- increased amounts of liquid in brain cavity. also cause pressure to build up on adjecent areas interfering with functon.
holt and lewis- large ventricles due to loss of brain tissue that would of occuiped that space.

53
Q

how many gene variations have been linked to and increased risk of SZ?

A

108

54
Q

what is the risk of developing SZ in DZ twins?

A

17%

55
Q

what is the risk of developing SZ in MZ twins?

A

48%

56
Q

what is the difference between early dopamine hypothesis and alves dopamine hyposthesis in SZ?

A

guyhj

57
Q

why is dopamine implicated in SZ?

A

if it it is fired too easily or too often, causes problems with attetion, perception and thinking

58
Q

what is the role of dopamine?

A

involved in perception, thinking, and attention

59
Q

define concordance rates

A

ergar

60
Q

define comorbidity

A

more than one illness is diagnosed at the same time

Mental health (4 decks)

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