historical views of mental illness Flashcards
define the term aetiology
beliefs and causes
define the term treatment
how they are treated by individuals in society and methods of alleviating mental health issues
describe the supernatural explanation aetiology
- abnormal behaviour was attributed to witchcraft, religion and demonic possession
- punishment for wrong doing
describe the treatment used for mental health with the supernatural explanation
- saying prayers and being immersed in holy water
- good deeds and positive thoughts
- exorcisms
- stretching
- starving
- immersing in boiling or freezing water
describe the humoral theory aetiology
- mental health was caused by physiology
- four types of fluid in the body, each relating to a different personality dimension
describe the treatment used for mental health with the humoral theory
- purge the patient by using laxatives
- bloodletting to drain the blood
name the 4 bodily fluids
- black bile
- yellow bile
- blood
- phlegm
what is believed to cause mental illness within the humorasl theory?
an imbalance or excess of the 4 fluids
when did the first mental hospital open?
792BC
suggest 3 ways of defining abnormality
- statistical infrequency
- deviation from social norms
- maladaptivness
define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ maladaptivness
-a failure to experience the normal range of emotions or to engage in the normal range of behaviour
ie unable to cope with the demands of everyday life, eg self care and holding down a job
define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ deviation from social norms
social norms are the rules that society has about how people should think and behave, with implicit or explicit
abnormal behaviour then is anything that deviates from these norms
define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ statistical infrequency
-psychologists prose that behaviour is normally distributed
people who behave is more than two standard deviations from the mean can be defined as abnormal
ie 1% of the population have schizophrenia
give the strengths of defining abnormality in the way of statistical infrequency
- objective
- more ethical suggests behaviour is just rare not wrong
give the strengths of defining abnormality in the way of deviation from social norms
-aids social interaction
give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of statistical infrequency
- not every behaviour is abnormal just because it is rare
- western view
give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of deviation from social norms
- ethnocentric not every culture had the sane social norms
- time dependent
give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of maladaptivness
-subjective judgement
give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of maladaptivness
-subjective judgement
what does DSM stand for ?
diagonistic and statistical manual of mental disorders
what is a reliable diagnosis?
the extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the same diagnosis when independently assessing patients
explain the distinction between reliability and validity of diagnosis
validity- a diagnosis is valid if a schizophrenic patient is diagnosed with schizophrenia
reliability-the extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the same diagnosis when independently assessing patients
describe the results of beck et al
that agreement on analysis for 153 was only 54% when assessed bu 2 psychiatrists
what are the two main classification systems used to diagnose mental illness?
- ICD-10
- DSM
what does affective mean?
affective disorders are mood disorders such as depression
how often do depression disorder symptoms have to be present for and over a period of what time, for a diagnosis to be made?
must be present everyday for two consecutive weeks
what are the two main symptoms of major depressive disorder?
marked feelings of sadness, emptiness or irritability
- depressed mood for most of the day
- loss of interest
how may symptoms of deression are there?
9
mane the nine symptoms of depression
- depressed mood
- loss of interest
- change in weight
- sleep problems
- psychomotor
- fatigue
- worthlessness/guilt
- concentration issuers
- suicide ideas
how many sections are in the DSM-V?
3
name the three sections of the DSM-V?
- clinical syndromes
- psychosocial and environmental stressors
- global assesment og functioning
describe the criteria for schizophrenia
tow or more symptoms for a significant proportion og time during a month
name the five characteristics for schizophrenia
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganised speech
grossly disorganised
-negative symptoms
what factors can affect the reliavblity of a diagnosis
- the clinician
- the client
- the assesmnet procedure
what does the tyerm psychotic mean ?
the experiencde of the disorder as a loos of contact with reality
explain the distinction betweern positive and negative symptoms in terms of schizophrenia
positive-the additionm of new behaviours
negative-include the removal or loss of normal function
are schizophrenic people agressive?
no, they are more likely to harm themsleves
explain the diostinction between fear and anxiety
fear is and emotional response to real or percieved threat
anxiety is the expectation of threat
how common is SZ?
1 in 100
define the term phobia
an intense, server and irrational fear that produced a psyiological response such as sweating, shaking and an increased heart rate
name symptomns of a phobia
- sweating
- shaking
- increased heart rate
- deliberate avoidance
how common are phobias?
6% in the UK
which people are more likely to experience phobias?
teenagers and females
what is the gender difference in phobias?
female -animal and naturla
blood and injury and equal in both
state the aim of rosehans study 1
finding out whether normal or sane individuals would be admitted to a psychiatric hospital to see if and how they would be discovered
state the aim of rosehans study 2
examining whether genuine patients would be misidnetified as sane by various hospitalk staff
describe the sample used in rosehans study 1
- 8 psuedopatientsover the age of 20
- all of different proffessions
- used false names
- 3 female
- 5 male
state the conclusions drawn from roeshans studys
- psychiatrists are unable to reliably identify sane pseudo patients
- psychiatrists also fail to reliably detect insantity
- within the insane environment of a psychiatic hospital on individuals behvaiour is percieved in a distorted manner, which can maintain a diagnostic label
describe the results found in rosehnas study 2
although no pseuedopatients presented themseves ouit of 193 patients, 141 were judged to be pseudopatiemts by at least one member of staff
23 were considered suspect bu at least one psychiatrist and 19 one psychiatrist and one member of stfaff
how does rosehans study support the idea that the classification system lacks validity?
in stiudy 1 doctors made a type 1 error, they defined people as mentally ill when they werent
in study 2 they made a type 2 error, they defined people as healthy when they were iull
state the factors that affect the validity of a study
- comorbifity
- culture, ethnicity, gnder and clss
- gender bias
- antisocial personality disorder#
how can the client affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?
vary widely with their perosnal and socail characteristics, chnages in their behaviour aloso affect it
how can the clinician affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?
the attitudes and characteristics of the clinicain
-differences in age, experience and training, socail clsass, nationality, gender
how can the assesment procedure affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?
different techniques produce different amount and types of data
how was a lack of inter rater relaibity shown in rosehans study?
the doctors and nurses believed differently as to who were pseudopatients
