historical views of mental illness

Question 1

define the term aetiology

Answer 1

beliefs and causes

Question 2

define the term treatment

Answer 2

how they are treated by individuals in society and methods of alleviating mental health issues

Question 3

describe the supernatural explanation aetiology

Answer 3

• abnormal behaviour was attributed to witchcraft, religion and demonic possession
• punishment for wrong doing

Question 4

describe the treatment used for mental health with the supernatural explanation

Answer 4

• saying prayers and being immersed in holy water
• good deeds and positive thoughts
• exorcisms
• stretching
• starving
• immersing in boiling or freezing water

Question 5

describe the humoral theory aetiology

Answer 5

• mental health was caused by physiology

- four types of fluid in the body, each relating to a different personality dimension

Question 6

describe the treatment used for mental health with the humoral theory

Answer 6

• purge the patient by using laxatives

- bloodletting to drain the blood

Question 7

name the 4 bodily fluids

Answer 7

• black bile
• yellow bile
• blood
• phlegm

Question 8

what is believed to cause mental illness within the humorasl theory?

Answer 8

an imbalance or excess of the 4 fluids

Question 9

when did the first mental hospital open?

Answer 9

792BC

Question 10

suggest 3 ways of defining abnormality

Answer 10

• statistical infrequency
• deviation from social norms
• maladaptivness

Question 11

define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ maladaptivness

Answer 11

-a failure to experience the normal range of emotions or to engage in the normal range of behaviour
ie unable to cope with the demands of everyday life, eg self care and holding down a job

Question 12

define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ deviation from social norms

Answer 12

social norms are the rules that society has about how people should think and behave, with implicit or explicit
abnormal behaviour then is anything that deviates from these norms

Question 13

define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ statistical infrequency

Answer 13

-psychologists prose that behaviour is normally distributed
people who behave is more than two standard deviations from the mean can be defined as abnormal
ie 1% of the population have schizophrenia

Question 14

give the strengths of defining abnormality in the way of statistical infrequency

Answer 14

• objective

- more ethical suggests behaviour is just rare not wrong

Question 15

give the strengths of defining abnormality in the way of deviation from social norms

Answer 15

-aids social interaction

Question 16

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of statistical infrequency

Answer 16

• not every behaviour is abnormal just because it is rare

- western view

Question 17

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of deviation from social norms

Answer 17

• ethnocentric not every culture had the sane social norms

- time dependent

Question 18

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of maladaptivness

Answer 18

-subjective judgement

Question 19

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of maladaptivness

Answer 19

-subjective judgement

Question 20

what does DSM stand for ?

Answer 20

diagonistic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Question 21

what is a reliable diagnosis?

Answer 21

the extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the same diagnosis when independently assessing patients

Question 22

explain the distinction between reliability and validity of diagnosis

Answer 22

validity- a diagnosis is valid if a schizophrenic patient is diagnosed with schizophrenia
reliability-the extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the same diagnosis when independently assessing patients

Question 23

describe the results of beck et al

Answer 23

that agreement on analysis for 153 was only 54% when assessed bu 2 psychiatrists

Question 24

what are the two main classification systems used to diagnose mental illness?

Answer 24

• ICD-10

- DSM

Question 25

what does affective mean?

Answer 25

affective disorders are mood disorders such as depression

Question 26

how often do depression disorder symptoms have to be present for and over a period of what time, for a diagnosis to be made?

Answer 26

must be present everyday for two consecutive weeks

Question 27

what are the two main symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Answer 27

marked feelings of sadness, emptiness or irritability - depressed mood for most of the day - loss of interest

Question 28

how may symptoms of deression are there?

Answer 28

9

Question 29

mane the nine symptoms of depression

Answer 29

- depressed mood - loss of interest - change in weight - sleep problems - psychomotor - fatigue - worthlessness/guilt - concentration issuers - suicide ideas

Question 30

how many sections are in the DSM-V?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

name the three sections of the DSM-V?

Answer 31

- clinical syndromes - psychosocial and environmental stressors - global assesment og functioning

Question 32

describe the criteria for schizophrenia

Answer 32

tow or more symptoms for a significant proportion og time during a month

Question 33

name the five characteristics for schizophrenia

Answer 33

-delusions -hallucinations -disorganised speech grossly disorganised -negative symptoms

Question 34

what factors can affect the reliavblity of a diagnosis

Answer 34

- the clinician - the client - the assesmnet procedure

Question 35

what does the tyerm psychotic mean ?

Answer 35

the experiencde of the disorder as a loos of contact with reality

Question 36

explain the distinction betweern positive and negative symptoms in terms of schizophrenia

Answer 36

positive-the additionm of new behaviours | negative-include the removal or loss of normal function

Question 37

are schizophrenic people agressive?

Answer 37

no, they are more likely to harm themsleves

Question 38

explain the diostinction between fear and anxiety

Answer 38

fear is and emotional response to real or percieved threat | anxiety is the expectation of threat

Question 39

how common is SZ?

Answer 39

1 in 100

Question 40

define the term phobia

Answer 40

an intense, server and irrational fear that produced a psyiological response such as sweating, shaking and an increased heart rate

Question 41

name symptomns of a phobia

Answer 41

- sweating - shaking - increased heart rate - deliberate avoidance

Question 42

how common are phobias?

Answer 42

6% in the UK

Question 43

which people are more likely to experience phobias?

Answer 43

teenagers and females

Question 44

what is the gender difference in phobias?

Answer 44

female -animal and naturla | blood and injury and equal in both

Question 45

state the aim of rosehans study 1

Answer 45

finding out whether normal or sane individuals would be admitted to a psychiatric hospital to see if and how they would be discovered

Question 46

state the aim of rosehans study 2

Answer 46

examining whether genuine patients would be misidnetified as sane by various hospitalk staff

Question 47

describe the sample used in rosehans study 1

Answer 47

- 8 psuedopatientsover the age of 20 - all of different proffessions - used false names - 3 female - 5 male

Question 48

state the conclusions drawn from roeshans studys

Answer 48

- psychiatrists are unable to reliably identify sane pseudo patients - psychiatrists also fail to reliably detect insantity - within the insane environment of a psychiatic hospital on individuals behvaiour is percieved in a distorted manner, which can maintain a diagnostic label

Question 49

describe the results found in rosehnas study 2

Answer 49

although no pseuedopatients presented themseves ouit of 193 patients, 141 were judged to be pseudopatiemts by at least one member of staff 23 were considered suspect bu at least one psychiatrist and 19 one psychiatrist and one member of stfaff

Question 50

how does rosehans study support the idea that the classification system lacks validity?

Answer 50

in stiudy 1 doctors made a type 1 error, they defined people as mentally ill when they werent in study 2 they made a type 2 error, they defined people as healthy when they were iull

Question 51

state the factors that affect the validity of a study

Answer 51

- comorbifity - culture, ethnicity, gnder and clss - gender bias - antisocial personality disorder#

Question 52

how can the client affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?

Answer 52

vary widely with their perosnal and socail characteristics, chnages in their behaviour aloso affect it

Question 53

how can the clinician affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?

Answer 53

the attitudes and characteristics of the clinicain | -differences in age, experience and training, socail clsass, nationality, gender

Question 54

how can the assesment procedure affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?

Answer 54

different techniques produce different amount and types of data

Question 55

how was a lack of inter rater relaibity shown in rosehans study?

Answer 55

the doctors and nurses believed differently as to who were pseudopatients