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Mental health > historical views of mental illness > Flashcards

historical views of mental illness Flashcards

1
Q

define the term aetiology

A

beliefs and causes

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2
Q

define the term treatment

A

how they are treated by individuals in society and methods of alleviating mental health issues

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3
Q

describe the supernatural explanation aetiology

A
  • abnormal behaviour was attributed to witchcraft, religion and demonic possession
  • punishment for wrong doing
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4
Q

describe the treatment used for mental health with the supernatural explanation

A
  • saying prayers and being immersed in holy water
  • good deeds and positive thoughts
  • exorcisms
  • stretching
  • starving
  • immersing in boiling or freezing water
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5
Q

describe the humoral theory aetiology

A
  • mental health was caused by physiology

- four types of fluid in the body, each relating to a different personality dimension

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6
Q

describe the treatment used for mental health with the humoral theory

A
  • purge the patient by using laxatives

- bloodletting to drain the blood

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7
Q

name the 4 bodily fluids

A
  • black bile
  • yellow bile
  • blood
  • phlegm
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8
Q

what is believed to cause mental illness within the humorasl theory?

A

an imbalance or excess of the 4 fluids

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9
Q

when did the first mental hospital open?

A

792BC

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10
Q

suggest 3 ways of defining abnormality

A
  • statistical infrequency
  • deviation from social norms
  • maladaptivness
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11
Q

define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ maladaptivness

A

-a failure to experience the normal range of emotions or to engage in the normal range of behaviour
ie unable to cope with the demands of everyday life, eg self care and holding down a job

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12
Q

define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ deviation from social norms

A

social norms are the rules that society has about how people should think and behave, with implicit or explicit
abnormal behaviour then is anything that deviates from these norms

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13
Q

define the key term in ‘defining abnormality ‘ statistical infrequency

A

-psychologists prose that behaviour is normally distributed
people who behave is more than two standard deviations from the mean can be defined as abnormal
ie 1% of the population have schizophrenia

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14
Q

give the strengths of defining abnormality in the way of statistical infrequency

A
  • objective

- more ethical suggests behaviour is just rare not wrong

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15
Q

give the strengths of defining abnormality in the way of deviation from social norms

A

-aids social interaction

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16
Q

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of statistical infrequency

A
  • not every behaviour is abnormal just because it is rare

- western view

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17
Q

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of deviation from social norms

A
  • ethnocentric not every culture had the sane social norms

- time dependent

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18
Q

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of maladaptivness

A

-subjective judgement

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19
Q

give the weaknesses of defining abnormality in the way of maladaptivness

A

-subjective judgement

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20
Q

what does DSM stand for ?

A

diagonistic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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21
Q

what is a reliable diagnosis?

A

the extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the same diagnosis when independently assessing patients

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22
Q

explain the distinction between reliability and validity of diagnosis

A

validity- a diagnosis is valid if a schizophrenic patient is diagnosed with schizophrenia
reliability-the extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the same diagnosis when independently assessing patients

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23
Q

describe the results of beck et al

A

that agreement on analysis for 153 was only 54% when assessed bu 2 psychiatrists

24
Q

what are the two main classification systems used to diagnose mental illness?

A
  • ICD-10

- DSM

25
Q

what does affective mean?

A

affective disorders are mood disorders such as depression

26
Q

how often do depression disorder symptoms have to be present for and over a period of what time, for a diagnosis to be made?

A

must be present everyday for two consecutive weeks

27
Q

what are the two main symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A

marked feelings of sadness, emptiness or irritability

  • depressed mood for most of the day
  • loss of interest
28
Q

how may symptoms of deression are there?

A

9

29
Q

mane the nine symptoms of depression

A
  • depressed mood
  • loss of interest
  • change in weight
  • sleep problems
  • psychomotor
  • fatigue
  • worthlessness/guilt
  • concentration issuers
  • suicide ideas
30
Q

how many sections are in the DSM-V?

A

3

31
Q

name the three sections of the DSM-V?

A
  • clinical syndromes
  • psychosocial and environmental stressors
  • global assesment og functioning
32
Q

describe the criteria for schizophrenia

A

tow or more symptoms for a significant proportion og time during a month

33
Q

name the five characteristics for schizophrenia

A

-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganised speech
grossly disorganised
-negative symptoms

34
Q

what factors can affect the reliavblity of a diagnosis

A
  • the clinician
  • the client
  • the assesmnet procedure
35
Q

what does the tyerm psychotic mean ?

A

the experiencde of the disorder as a loos of contact with reality

36
Q

explain the distinction betweern positive and negative symptoms in terms of schizophrenia

A

positive-the additionm of new behaviours

negative-include the removal or loss of normal function

37
Q

are schizophrenic people agressive?

A

no, they are more likely to harm themsleves

38
Q

explain the diostinction between fear and anxiety

A

fear is and emotional response to real or percieved threat

anxiety is the expectation of threat

39
Q

how common is SZ?

A

1 in 100

40
Q

define the term phobia

A

an intense, server and irrational fear that produced a psyiological response such as sweating, shaking and an increased heart rate

41
Q

name symptomns of a phobia

A
  • sweating
  • shaking
  • increased heart rate
  • deliberate avoidance
42
Q

how common are phobias?

A

6% in the UK

43
Q

which people are more likely to experience phobias?

A

teenagers and females

44
Q

what is the gender difference in phobias?

A

female -animal and naturla

blood and injury and equal in both

45
Q

state the aim of rosehans study 1

A

finding out whether normal or sane individuals would be admitted to a psychiatric hospital to see if and how they would be discovered

46
Q

state the aim of rosehans study 2

A

examining whether genuine patients would be misidnetified as sane by various hospitalk staff

47
Q

describe the sample used in rosehans study 1

A
  • 8 psuedopatientsover the age of 20
  • all of different proffessions
  • used false names
  • 3 female
  • 5 male
48
Q

state the conclusions drawn from roeshans studys

A
  • psychiatrists are unable to reliably identify sane pseudo patients
  • psychiatrists also fail to reliably detect insantity
  • within the insane environment of a psychiatic hospital on individuals behvaiour is percieved in a distorted manner, which can maintain a diagnostic label
49
Q

describe the results found in rosehnas study 2

A

although no pseuedopatients presented themseves ouit of 193 patients, 141 were judged to be pseudopatiemts by at least one member of staff
23 were considered suspect bu at least one psychiatrist and 19 one psychiatrist and one member of stfaff

50
Q

how does rosehans study support the idea that the classification system lacks validity?

A

in stiudy 1 doctors made a type 1 error, they defined people as mentally ill when they werent
in study 2 they made a type 2 error, they defined people as healthy when they were iull

51
Q

state the factors that affect the validity of a study

A
  • comorbifity
  • culture, ethnicity, gnder and clss
  • gender bias
  • antisocial personality disorder#
52
Q

how can the client affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?

A

vary widely with their perosnal and socail characteristics, chnages in their behaviour aloso affect it

53
Q

how can the clinician affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?

A

the attitudes and characteristics of the clinicain

-differences in age, experience and training, socail clsass, nationality, gender

54
Q

how can the assesment procedure affect the reliability of a diagnosis ?

A

different techniques produce different amount and types of data

55
Q

how was a lack of inter rater relaibity shown in rosehans study?

A

the doctors and nurses believed differently as to who were pseudopatients

Mental health (4 decks)

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