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The media Flashcards

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1
Q

mass media

A

forms of communication that transmit information, news, entertainment to mass (large) audiences

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2
Q

new media

A

screen based digital technology integrating image, text, sound

convergence: merging distinct technological into one

consumer needs/interests drive content

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3
Q

traditional media

A

older forms of media - users selected different platforms for different types of content

one way messages to mass audiences (can’t interact)

‘take it or leave it’ approach

content controlled by owners & editors with limited audience participation

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4
Q

gender and media stats (male)

A

Li & Kirkup: men more likely to use email/chatrooms + play video games on consoles

OFCOM: men more likely to access internet

Olson et al: men more likely to play violent video games, want to express fantasies of power, gives chance to work out anger

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5
Q

gender and media stats (female)

A

Royse et al: women more likely to play games that allow them to challenge gender norms

OFCOM: women more likely to sue social networking sites

The Internet Advertising Bureau: due to rise in smartphones, women account for 52% of gamers - smartphones led to creation of mobile puzzlers (Candy Crush), more appealing because they are free, intuitive, accessible

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6
Q

characteristics of new media

A

technological convergence
interactivity
choice
participatory culture
collective intelligence

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7
Q

characteristics of new media - technological convergence

A

previously distinct technology now in one device

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8
Q

characteristics of new media - interactivity

A

new media responds to needs of audience in real time e.g. interact with content

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9
Q

characteristics of new media - choice

A

range of options increased

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10
Q

characteristics of new media - participatory culture (Jenkins)

A

new media users actively participate in creation of media content
e.g. posting on social media
no longer passive audiences, can actively create content

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11
Q

characteristics of new media - collective intelligence

A

allows us to pool knowledge together
Can find way to challenge dominant ideologies

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12
Q

Causes of digital divide

A

Lack of financial resources
Insufficient knowledge / skills
Location I.e. rural areas
Censorship (political reasons for blocking access to Internet)

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13
Q

If unable to access Internet + new media what are you missing out on

A

Knowledge
Connection and communities
Socialising and interaction
Having your voice heard
Services e.g. application for universal credit (benefits)

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14
Q

Digital Underclass

A

Below WC
non-user pop split by social classes
Helpser (use of Internet increased slower than other groups) (those with access rate their skills as poorer than educated groups)

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15
Q

Generational Divide

A

Boyle (new media associated w/ young people (digital natives))
Ofcom (proportion of those offline increases w/ age (29% of 75+ don’t use Internet at home))

Ofcom (older people more use social networking sites e.g Facebook)

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16
Q

New media influence traditional media

A

Cheaper (sales decline bc competing w/ online)
Live
Stories from new included in old (Donald Trump tweets news)
Criticism & interaction (comment, tweet)
Citizen journalism (anyone can report on news via social media - happen bc participatory culture)

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17
Q

New media influence traditional media: Bivens

A

3 significant changes:
Citizen journalism is part if news cycle
Newspapers held accountable
News values changing to incorporate ‘non-professional’ content

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18
Q

New media debates

A

Curran & Seaton (2 views of new media: 1. Neophiliacs 2. Cultural Pessimists)

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19
Q

New media debates - Neophiliacs

A

Choice (choose source of info/more TV channels (diversity))
Interactivity & participation
Wealth of info
Provides enjoyment
Revitalising democracy
E-commerse revolution
Creates global village
Pluralists argue increased choice + diversity create competition + improve quality of media output

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20
Q

New media debates- neophiliacs (E-commerce Revolution)

A

E-retailers undermined high street sales of books, films + music

Creates choice

Increased competition = lower prices & ability to compare costs of products + services

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21
Q

New media debates- neophiliacs (Revitalising Democracy)

A

Be educated & informed to play active role in democracy

Politicians & media companies held accountable

Alternative points of view unlikely to appear in mainstream media

Itzoe (freest forum of speech in history - challenge power of elites)

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22
Q

New media debates - neophiliacs (example)

A

Arab Spring (anti-governmet protests)- set on fire as protest - Organised demonstrations, spread info about activities + raise local & global awareness of ongoing events

BLM - George Ffloyd

Hacktivist deface government websites + hold politicians + businesses accountable e.g. Free Palistinian movement & #METOO (hostage activism #BLM)

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23
Q

New media debates - cultural pessimists

A

Cornford & Robbins (new media not that new - only new thing is speed) (interactivity not new) (relationship like ‘old Hollywood and it’s remake) (extension & refinement of traditional media)

Imperialism (NM led to cultural imperialism: imposing & consuming western culture national identities lost)
Censorship (e.g. Russia)
Digital divide
Poor quality
Little regulation
Validity (fake news due to lack of regulation)
Commercialisation
Dominated by elites
Surveillance

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24
Q

New media debates - cultural pessimists (commercialisation)

A

Cornford & Robbins (companies that sell goods engage in consumer surveillance- cookies)

Monitor + track consumers so they can target future audiences

Encourages materialism, consumerism + false needs securing capitalist domination

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25
Q

New media debates - cultural pessimists (reinforcing elite power)

A

New media dominated by small number of operations

Political elite have constructed sophisticated platforms to make sure their worldview dominates the Internet

NM strengthens power of existing elites, rather than promoting alternative ideas, free speech, democracy

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26
Q

New media debates - cultural pessimists (decline in quality)

A

Harvey (TV channels increase but cheap imported material, repeats, reality TV)

Pop culture is dumbed down

Transmits ‘candy floss culture’ (speaks to everyone butno one in particular)

‘more choice’ is more of the same liek repeats

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27
Q

Types of media organisation:

A

Community based media (Hospital Radio Reading)

Public / state owned media (BBC Radio 1)

Privately owned media (Capital FM)

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28
Q

Concentration of ownership

A

Few giant conglomerates or individuals own + control most of media

Curran: British newspapers were owned by just 7 individuals/ companies by 2015

Media reform coalition (3 companies (Ruper Murdoch: News UK, PMG, Reach PLC) control 90% of UK newspaper market

Bagdikian: in US, media concentrated into 6 companies (1 is Rupert Murdoch)

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29
Q

What allows concentration of ownership to continue

A

Horizontal integration
Vertical integration
Lateral expansion / diversification
Synergy
Globalisation

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30
Q

Allows concentration of ownership to continue - horizontal integration

A

Bigger media companies own a diverse range of media outlets, across a range of sections e.g. Rupert Murdoch owns News Corp, The Sun, Sky, 20th Century, Fox, Fox News, Harper Collins)

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31
Q

Allow concentration of ownership to continue - vertical integration

A

Media companies try to control all stages of media production in their industry to maximise profit

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32
Q

Allow concentration of ownership to continue - lateral expansion / diversification

A

Companies expand their business into new industries to spread economic risk e.g. Virginia

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33
Q

Allow concentration of ownership to continue - synergy

A

Companies package the same product in different ways to increase their profits e.g. Frozen (film, soundtrack, game, clothes)

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34
Q

Allow concentration if ownership to continue - globalisation

A

Allows conglomerates to expand across the globe + monopolise their ownership further

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35
Q

Marxism and media - instrumentalist approach

A

Instrumentalist approach - view media as ideological instrument that plays key role in reproducing + justifying class inequality

Miliband: (owners) directly manipulate way we think about world + spread RC ideology - control editors and journalists (hiring/firing) - control content to favour RC

Castles & Kosack: it suits RC to portray ethnic groups as threat - creates moral panic

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36
Q

Marxism and media - instrumentalist - Marcuse

A

media owners control WC through bread and circuses approach - keep population happy + content

media output mainly entertainment oriented + “dumbed down”

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37
Q

Marxism and media - instrumentalist - Turnstall & Palmer

A

government no longer interested in regulating activities of media owners because interests of political elite + media owners often overlap
regulatory favours have become the norm

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38
Q

Marxism and media - evidence for instrumentalist approach

A

Silvio Berlusconi owned 3 biggest TV channels in Italy (Mediaset) used his TV networks to help him win general election + become PM in 1994

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39
Q

Marxism and media - evidence for instrumentalist - Curran

A

Murdoch supported/withheld criticism of governments matching his interests
1979-92: supported Conservatives - economic policies
1997: supported New Labour - willing to lift policies preventing cross-media ownership
‘personalised’ style of management, instructing editors to follow his views + sacking the non-compliant

40
Q

Marxism and media - instrumentalist - The Leveson Inquiry

A

judicial public inquiry into culture, practices, ethics of British press

follows the News International phone hacking scandal
-> new regulation body recommended
-> found politicians & press have been ‘too close’
-> press behaviour has been ‘outrageous’

41
Q

Marxism and media - instrumentalist - criticisms

A

assumes audiences passive, easily manipulated + can’t think critically

Gramsci: audiences may experience dual-class consciousness

fails to explain how manipulation works in practice (Murdoch can’t regulate all his companies worldwide)

regulation means nobody can have too much ownership

only interested in class (ignores transmission of patriarchal ideology)

growth of new media means people in power are subject to criticism

42
Q

Marxism and the media - hegemonic approach

A

hegemony (domination in society of RC ideas over the views of others)

agree media spreads dominant ideology + supports interest of RC

argue journalists do this subconsciously because of their social background

journalists (overwhelming white MC men - privately educated (Sutton Trust: 50% of top 100 journalists are) (GUMG: share similar ‘consensus views’ - anything outside this considered extremist + not included, or ridicules by journalists)

43
Q

Marxism and media - hegemonic - economic pressures

A

journalists don’t rock the boat as they’re motivated by profit - controversial views may put of advertisers

however alternative views could sell more papers + maintain the idea that media is objective

44
Q

Marxism and media - hegemonic - agenda setting

A

GUMG: media decide what issues should be discussed by society + which should be avoided

may draw attention to certain issues/events but ignore causes

results in cultural hegemony

45
Q

Marxism and media - hegemonic - Jones: Establishment

A

owners + editors are part of the ‘establishment’ - an alliance of powerful groups with common economic interests

Jones says British media should scrutinise establishment instead of covering up for them

46
Q

Marxism and media - criticisms of hegemonic marxism

A

dismisses power of media owners

agenda setting means newspapers do restrict content - direct manipulation

new media + citizen journalism may undermine power of establishment oriented media

47
Q

pluralistic Marxism

A

power spread amongst range of interest groups in society, no individual/group has monopoly of power (power spread over multiple interest groups)

48
Q

Marxism and media - pluralism

A

all interest groups (diverse) given platform to express views

media is essential + important facilitator of democratic ideal

media is democratic mirror - reflects our opinions/concerns of public

49
Q

Marxism and media - pluralism - economics of ownership

A

media is led by pursuit of profit not transmission of ideology

concentration of ownership about economics (money more important than ideology)

owners too busy to be involved with detailed daily running of outlets

50
Q

Marxism and media - pluralism - public service broadcasting

A

Channel 4, BBC funded by public

significant share of market in UK, counteracting political bias in private sector

BBC’s Royal Charter - legal obligation to inform, educate + entertain audiences

media regulators (OFCOM (investigate viewer complaints)) act in public interest

51
Q

Marxism and media - pluralism - journalist integrity

A

journalists are professionals - don’t allow owners to compromise their independence + integrity

strong tradition of investigative journalism - targeting those in power

52
Q

Marxism and media - pluralism - consumer choice in King

A

audiences have the power - consumer sovereignty TMT consumer interests influence content (power of choice)

consumers have power to make or break products/businesses e.g. Blackberry vs Apple

53
Q

Marxism and media - criticisms of pluralism

A

Curran: evidence of subtle owner influence

overstates impartiality of journalists (manipulate them)

limited female voices in the media

only wealthy have the resources to start a media company/apply political pressure

powerless groups therefore can’t make genuine choices

journalist integrity questioned e.g. phone hacking scandal suggesting otherwise

54
Q

Marxism and media - postmodernism - Strinati

A

identities shaped by consumption patterns - not class gender

media proves our social reality - defines our identities & lifestyles

image/style is more important than content as we buy brands/labels rather than goods e.g. Baudrillard sign-objects

transformed individual + national identities as we lives in a ‘global village’

share similar consumption patterns across the globe

adopting different tastes, dress sense, behaviour + mixing them together = hybridity e.g. Baudrillard: Pick & Mix identities

55
Q

Marxism and media - postmodernism societies have 3 characteristics

A
  1. media-saturated - it is everywhere
  2. underpinned by globalisation
  3. don’t believe in an absolute truth - there are many meanings, not one deep + profound meaning (metanarrative)
56
Q

Marxism and media - postmodernism - Baudrillard

A

we are so immersed in so much information it’s difficult for audiences to distinguish between real life + hyper-reality

undermining power of both truth & objectivity

57
Q

Marxism and media - postmodernism - Trowler

A

media messages are polysemic - content is open to multiple interpretations - resulting in it harder for one message to be more powerful than others

58
Q

Marxism and media - postmodernism - producers vs consumers

A

distinction is less clear cut - anyone can create media (participatory culture)

shift from global media corporation to individuals producing new media content

consumers are subverting + re-inventing existing media - power no longer concentrated in hands of powerful

59
Q

Marxism and media - criticisms of postmodernism

A

arguments not based on evidence - no support/research

overexaggerate impact of the ‘information exploitation’ on our capacity to cause change - media saturation causes passive participation

doesn’t acknowledge evidence supporting structural inequalities in power - difficult for powerless groups to create meaningful change - digital divide (Russia (don’t allow new media))

60
Q

Selection & presentation of the news - Ofcom: Trust & popularity

A

TV (75%) still most popular platform for news followed by internet, radio, newspapers (38%)

sales of national newspapers down from 22mil (2010) to 10.4mil (2018)

TV news most trusted source

61
Q

Selection & presentation of news - McQuail

A

not all events will be reported as news due to sheer volume of them

news is a socially constructed product - it’s selected by gatekeepers who decide what is important enough to be covered + how to present it

62
Q

Selection & Presentation of news - organisational constraints

A

time or space available - affects detail given on story or whether included at all

deadlines - newspapers focus on yesterday’s news

immediacy - more likely to be reported when they have dramatic reality e.g. can be accompanied by soundbites/live footage

audience - style of news tailored to audience of publication

financial costs - cost-cutting (sales gone down) + the pursuit of profit has affected quality of journalism + turned news into infotainment

journalistic ethics - affects type of content presented + methods used to gather it (phone hacking)

63
Q

Selection & Presentation of news - news values

A

Spenser-Thomas: objective set of criteria that determines worth of news story

define what is considered newsworthy to make profit (pluralism)

Galtung & Ruge: Norwegian newspapers - extraordinariness, threshold, unambiguity, elite people, elite nations, personalisation, frequency, continuity - negativity - composition

Harcup & O’neil updated Galtug & Ruge in studying British newspapers: power elite, celebrity, entertainment, surprise, bad news, good news, magnitude, follow ups, media agenda (agenda of media owners - political bias (Rupert Murdoch)

64
Q

Selection & Presentation of news - criticisms of news values

A

assumes there is consensus amongst journalists + audiences as what is newsworthy - don’t agree

may vary from country to country

may change over time - less formal due to social media (changing news values)

may be less relevant due to citizen journalism - anyone can report on news

65
Q

Selection & Presentation of News - churnalism

A

cost cutting means they now source news from cheaper outlets

Davies: “churnalists” churn out stories given to them, often unchecked

Phillips: journalisms often asked to rewrite stories from other outlets

easy to create fake news especially with media growing & citizen journalism news doesn’t have to be checked

66
Q

Selection & Presentation of news - spin doctors

A

powerful groups bypass news values + use their influence to shape news stories

spin doctors meet with journalists + ‘manage’ news (persuade ways politicians is presented) ensuring it’s favourable to government

67
Q

ownership, ideology and bias - instrumental Marxism: The Propaganda Model

A

McChesney: news values an ideological myth to present corporate media monopoly as neutral

powerful owners influence construction of news through editorial approach

Herman & Chomsky: power of advertisers causes media to become propaganda for elite - news filtered to ensure it supports/spreads capitalist ideology

68
Q

ownership, ideology, bias - hegemonic Marxism: Hierarchy of Credibility

A

Hall: news support capitalist interests because powerful have better access to media

views of primary definers (politicians, police) considered more important than ordinary people

journalists report on prominent people’s views of events

69
Q

ownership, ideology, bias - hegemonic Marxism - moral panics

A

news represents certain groups. activities as a problem worthy of public anxiety

reporting blown out of proportion/exaggerated

Stanley Cohen: a moral panic is the consequence of this type of reporting + the anxiety it causes amongst the population

e.g. Southport killing, killer clowns, Momo

70
Q

ownership, ideology, bias - Stanley Cohen: Folk Devils & Moral Panics

A

1964 reporters blew small-scale vandalism + scuffles out of proportion - ‘a day of terror’, ‘riot’, ‘battle’

media analysed as ‘a battle between 2 youth cultures (Mods & Rockers) who were threat to social order

media attempted to impose control by demanding more policing + severe punishment

71
Q

ownership, ideology, bias - Stanley Cohen - stages of a moral panic

A
  1. problem identified
  2. people worries
  3. more reporting of issue
  4. government + police respond
  5. more people caught
  6. self-fulfilling prophecy
72
Q

ownership, ideology, bias - why does only some reporting cause moral panics

A

Galtung & Ruge: newsworthy events

to sell papers

Cohen & Young: UK news media is consensual (journalists assume audiences have the same concerns about direction of society)

Hall: serves capitalist interests by diving WCs + diverting attention away from mismanagement of capitalism

73
Q

ownership, ideology, bias - hegemonic Marxism - criticisms of moral panics

A

Jewkes: levels of deviancy - not all folk devils are unfairly criticised - general public doesn’t passively trust moral panics

postmodernists: audiences interpret media in different way (media polysemic) - new media means we have a say in attempts to define certain groups as social problem

McRobbie & Thornton: new media undermines moral panics - audiences are savvy & exposed to diversity

74
Q

Globalisation - McLuhan: global village

A

developments in electronic mass media & communication have shrunk the world into 1 global community

information can be transmitted instantly, 24/7 across the globe

75
Q

globalisation and media

A

citizen journalism + increased speed of news reporting on issues around the world

social media allows those in repressive societies to come together + demand change

globalisation allows media outlets to increase concentration of ownership

76
Q

globalisation and culture

A

Scott & Marshall: everything we learn from others (N&V, rules, traditions)

types: mass/popular culture, folk culture, low culture, high culture

due to globalisation, large proportion of world engaging with same pop culture called cultural homogenisation

77
Q

globalisation: postmodernism - mass media and identity

A

high culture no longer just for elite thanks to technology

Strinati: distinction between high & pop culture blurred

globalisation essential - increased consumption choice available to shape identity and lifestyle

78
Q

globalisation: postmodernism - media saturation

A

makes us media literate - because of diversity in media we recognise there’s no universal truth

this created more critical + participatory global culture

79
Q

globalisation: postmodernism - Jenkings: Participatory Culture

A

we are actively producing culture + content ourselves - creates new communities + allows us to challenge metanarratives

80
Q

globalisation of media protest

A

Murthy: new media - especially Twitter - can help increase political awareness + co-ordinate mass political responses to issues

81
Q

globalisation: The Cultural imperialist Argument

A

Marxists & The Frankfurt School: pop culture is an ideological tool, aiming to distract poorer groups from exploitation (bread & circuses) - Marxuse: global mass media indoctrinates consumers into capitalist ideology - prevents us from criticising system

82
Q

globalisation: Cultural Imperialist Argument - Marcuse: pop culture encourages conformity through …

A
  1. commodity fetishism (pop culture products have the power to enhance your life)
  2. false needs (consumers persuaded that these products are essential to lifestyle & identity)
  3. conspicuous consumption (need to be seen with ‘right cultural products)
83
Q

media imperialism

A

media corporations dominate global media output, leading to cultural imperialism

84
Q

cultural hybridisation

A

2+ cultures come together to form new one

e.g. KPOP, Bollywood

85
Q

cultural homogenisation

A

2+ cultures lose their distinctiveness + become same

86
Q

cultural imperalism

A

domination of one culture over all others

87
Q

globalisation: Flew - Americanisation

A

globalisation is a misnomer for Americanisation

e,g, Coca-colanisation (treat American products like Coke as superior)

US imposes media products + pop culture on less powerful nations - transmits American way of life

McChesney: a result of increasing concentration of media ownership

88
Q

globalisation: Ritzer - McDonalisation

A

increasing tendency for cultural products to be delivered as per the American pop culture model

results in destruction of diverse local cultures

Funchs: TNCs dominate trade in pop culture + greater influence over government

Turkle: causes civic disengagement - lack of involvement in communities

89
Q

Representations of Women - Connell

A

feminine identity still product of hegemonic (traditional ideas - widely accepted) ideas of how the sexes should be socialised + behave as adults

90
Q

representations in media - symbolic annihilation

A

the absence or underrepresentation of certain social groups of people in the media

91
Q

representation of women - symbolic Annihilation

A

Tuchman et al build upon this term to describe the way in which women’s achievements are condemned or trivalized

92
Q

representations of women - limited range of roles

A

men often portrayed in positions of power whilst women rarely shown in high status jobs

if women successful, have problems with ‘unusual’ circumstances e.g. unstable lives

ignore over 1/2 of UK adult women are working

93
Q

representations of women - women in sport

A

Newbold: what little coverage there is sexualised, trivialised + devalues women’s sporting achievement

Jones: often infantilised or portrayed as emotive not passionate

Duncan & Messner: commentators refer to female athletes as ‘girls’ whereas males rarely referred to as ‘boys’

94
Q

representations of women: women in politics

A

Just the Women Report: women who achieved a level of social status (politicians) are unfairly criticised + humiliated

Salinas: negative comments on their wight, dress, family life

95
Q

representation of women: less visibility

A

90s: few women as stars of Hollywood films - major studios didn’t consider females able to carry a film by themselves

Bechdel Test

Martinson et al: few political/economic experts were women + there are few stories about women’s expertise

Cochrane: news, current affairs + political/comedy panel shows are male dominated

96
Q

representation of women: ownership and representation

A

Liberal Feminists: representations slow to reflect women’s achievements - this ‘cultural lag’ causes by an inability to secure top media jobs

Mills: newsrooms are off-putting as they’re male dominated + have deeply entranched ‘block culture’

97
Q

representation of women: things are changing

A

Gauntlett: female and male characters are likely to be as intelligent, talented + resourceful or stupid as each other

Soaps tend to promote strong, female roles whereas male characters are weaker

Sociology (3 decks)

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